Term
| Produces maintains and transports sperm cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Defense of male reproductive system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Produces eggs in a 28 day cycle |
|
Definition
| Female reproductive system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Defense of female reproductive system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Defense of female reproductive system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Defense of female reproductive system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shedding of epithelial cells lining the urinary tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lysozyme and lactoferrin in urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal biota of the male urethra and genital tract |
|
Definition
| Nonhemolytic Streptococci |
|
|
Term
| Normal biota of the male urethra and genital tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal biota of the male urethra and genital tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal biota of the male urethra and genital tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Only anatomic areas of normal flora of the female genital tract |
|
Definition
| Anterior urethra and vagina |
|
|
Term
| Flora of the vagina depends on these factors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Greatly influences normal flora of the vagina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In utero, the fetal vagina contains these bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does a new born vagina acquire normal flora |
|
Definition
| Hands of caregivers, infants feces |
|
|
Term
| In the first six weeks of life estrogens are present in the infant vagina, what normal flora predominates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the absence of estrogen (pre puberty years) this bacteria is present as normal flora of the vagina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the absence of estrogen (pre puberty years) this bacteria is present as normal flora of the vagina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the absence of estrogen (pre puberty years) this bacteria is present as normal flora of the vagina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After menarche (in the presence of estrogen) the vagina is dominated by this normal flora |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After menarche (in the presence of estrogen) the vagina is dominated by this normal flora |
|
Definition
| Gram (+) and gram (-) anaerobes and facultative anaerobes |
|
|
Term
| After menopause (absence of estrogen) this bacteria decreases in numbers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| May lead to UTI's in the anterior urethra of a female |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| May lead to UTI's in the anterior urethra of a female |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| May lead to UTI's in the anterior urethra of a female |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| May lead to UTI's in the anterior urethra of a female due to fecal spread |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| May lead to UTI's in the anterior urethra of a female due to fecal spread |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UTI infecting the bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UTI infecting the urethra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UTI leading to a burning pain with urination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cloudy urine is consistent with presence of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Orange urine is consistent with presence of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Back pain is consistent with a UTI infecting this organ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If pyelonephritis is inadequately treated it can lead to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common causative agent of UTI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Catalase (+) causative agent of UTI |
|
Definition
| Staphylococcus saprophyticus |
|
|
Term
| Urease (+) causative agent of UTI, member of Enterobacteriaceae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Community acquired UTIs are usually a result of this form of transmission |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UTIs are more common in women than men do to this anatomical feature of the urethra |
|
Definition
| Shorter length of female urethra |
|
|
Term
| UTIs are more common in women than men do to the location of these anatomical structures |
|
Definition
| Close proximity of anus and urethral opening |
|
|
Term
| Recurrent UTIs in some women are do to E coli invading deeper tissues of the urinary tract allowing for this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common nosocomial infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment for UTI includes antibiotics plus ____ to control burning and urgency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria causing Weils disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Long Gram -, spirochetes with hooked ends |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Invasion is via mucosa or broken skin, there is no lesion at site of entry, may lead to severe systemic disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Generalized infection may lead to systemic infection including: renal and hepatic failure, extensive vasculitis, myocarditis, and death. Invasion of CNS leads to meningitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms including fever with relapses, Jaundice may occur in severe cases with renal failure being the most common cause of death |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Worldwide zoonotic disease with a variety of hosts. Rodents (mainly rats) can shed the bacteria their entire lives through urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the US rats, dogs, farm animals are the major source of human infection. Bacteria are discharged through urine and transmitted to humans via infected soil, water, and food |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organisms can survive for months in water or wet soils, no person to person transmission has been documented |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Culture and microscopy are insensitive, main form of diagnosis is through microscopic agglutination using the patients serum and live bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment includes antibiotics, there is a vaccine available but only targets specific strains used primarily for the military |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vaginal itching, burning, inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vaginal itching, burning, discharge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of vaginosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gram +, but appears gram - |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased prevalence indicates a role in BV but not a sole etiologic agent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gram +, thought to maintain acidic pH by metabolism of glucose |
|
Definition
| Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus jensenii |
|
|
Term
| In females with BV these bacteria are replaced by Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic flora |
|
Definition
| Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus jensenii |
|
|
Term
| No gram reaction, higher incidence in women with BV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gram +, obligate anaerobe, very high incidence in women with BV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gram -, obligate anaerobe, higher incidence in women with BV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This bacteria uses lactic acid production (low pH) and production of H2O2 (high oxidation-reduction) to inhibit overgrowth of less desirable anaerobic vaginal flora from causing vaginosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Product of Mobiluncas causing irritation of the mucus membranes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amines, malic acid, endotoxin, collagenases, proteases play a role in causing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This virulence factor of Mobiluncus and Gardnerella vaginalis increases with increasing pH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Not considered a sexually transmitted disease but is more common in women that are sexually active |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinical diagnosis includes Vaginal fluid with pH>4.5, homogenous adherent discharge, fishy odor on 10% K (due to metabolic products), clue cells (obscure borders) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gram stain diagnosis based on quantization of large gram + bacilli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gram stain diagnosis based on quantization of smaller gram - |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complications include pelvic inflammatory disease, adverse outcome of pregnancy (preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes, postpartum endometritis, cellulitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment includes metronidazole (PO, cream, lactate gel), clindamycin (cream), |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacterial infection usually from intestinal tract, may be a consequence of a UTI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Often bacterial infection, sometimes not, cases do not respond to antibiotics and are thought to be of mixed populations of bacteria in biofilms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms include pain: pelvic, back, genital, ejaculation. Frequent urge to urinate, blood in urine, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gram -, cocci poses fimbriae and capsules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diplococci within PMNs, adjacent flattened ends |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Facultative anaerobe susceptible to environmental conditions. Fastidious, enhanced growth at high CO2, thayer martin medium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fimbriae for adherence, antigenic variation, and promotion of endocytosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contain IgA protease that cleaves IgA on mucosal surfaces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outer membrane contains Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This virulence factor of Neisseria gonorrhea elicits an inflammatory response causing purulent discharge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lack of immunity leads to repeat infections due to phase variation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary sites of infection include: urethra in ment, urethra and cervix in women. Men are more symptomatic than women |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In males clinical symptoms include burning on urination and yellow purulent discharge. Complications may occur but are uncommon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In females clinical symptoms include burning or frequent urination, vaginal discharge, abdominal pain. Infection can spread externally to the rectum in about 1/2 the cases. Major complication is PID leading |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Opthalmia neonatorumthis occuring through passage of infected birth canal, rationale for mixed antibiotic prophalxis for newborns |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the most frequently reported diseases in the US and 2nd most common cause of venereal disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Almost always sexually transmitted with humans being the only reservoir |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the more common cause of purulent arthritis in adults (mainly women) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Very low percentage of cases (mainly women) develop arthritis dermatitis syndrome which includes arthritis and dermatitis of the wrists, elbows and ankles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gram stain conclusive for male purulent material. In females cervical secretions not conclusive, need to do either ELISA or PCR for confirmation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Used for testing antibiotic sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Disadvantage of using this type up test is no antibiogram |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| May be resistant to penicillin or tetracycline |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Very small gram -, contains LPS but little peptidoglycan |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Obligate intracellular parasite, development occurs in 3 phases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Infection of mucosa membranes through small abrasions, may lead to granuloma formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most females are asymptomatic, however, manifestation includes mucopurulent cervicitis and PID |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PID more severe than N gonorrhoeae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In males most genital infections are symptomatic, manifestation includes mucopurulent urethritis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Manifestation leads to proctitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria causing lymphogranuloma venereum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary lesion at site of infection is usually overlooked by it is small, and heals rapidly. Later manifestation includes painful enlargement of lymph nodes draining site of infection (usually inguinal) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neonatal conjunctivitis from exposure at birth as well as infant pneumonia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common bacterial disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common sexually transmitted disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of epididymitis in sexually active men |
|
Definition
| Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
|
|
Term
| Chlamydia trachomatis disease epidemic to Africa, asia, and S america. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common form of neonatal conjunctivitis in the US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gold standard for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis, however, is starting to be replaced by molecular diagnosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urine samples of Chlamydia trachomatis can be used for this test if purulent discharge is not available |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment includes agents that are taken up by host cells effectively |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gram -, but lacks a true cell wall |
|
Definition
| Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma genitalium |
|
|
Term
| Cause GI infections (urethritis in men) that are nongonnoccocal and nonchlamydial |
|
Definition
| Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma genitalium |
|
|
Term
| In women, known to cause chorioamnionitis and postpartum fever |
|
Definition
| Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma genitalium |
|
|
Term
| Diagnosis is usually not done |
|
Definition
| Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma genitalium |
|
|
Term
| If urethritis persists after doxycycline treatment, treat with azithromycin |
|
Definition
| Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma genitalium |
|
|
Term
| Gram -, spirochete, helically coiled, long corkscrew-shaped |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Too thin too observe with light microscope |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Periplasmic flagella allow corkscrew movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microaerophile, long generation time contributing to long incubation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can infect almost every tissue in the body making it a great imitator |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Painless slow evolving chronic granulomas disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causative agent of syphilis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fluctuates between short symptomatic and long asymptomatic stages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Impedes access to bacterial antigens when coated with fibronectin which protects against phagocytosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Long incubation, invasion through mucus membrane or abrasion in skin, dissemination via lymphatics or blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This bacteria causes progression of disease that manifests in 3 clinical stages: primary, secondary, tertiary. The disease can go into a latent stage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This stage of syphilis is characterized by a hard chancre with painless regional lymph node enlargement. There are no other systemic signs and the majority of patients may not know they have the disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This stage of syphilis is characterized by several alternating relapses. Hallmark is a rash commonly on the palms and soles. Condylomata may occur on the mucous membranes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stage of syphilis classified as the first 4 years between secondary and tertiary stages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stage of syphilis classified as 4-40 year period between secondary and tertiary stages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stage of syphilis that progresses slowly painless granulomas of the skin and bones develop known as gummas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Congenital disease via transplacental infection. Manifestations include: interstitial keratitis, notched incisors, CN 8 deafness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary stage is a risk factor for HIV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cannot be cultured in vitro, can be grown on tissue culture at reduced O2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria can be observed in lesion material using dark field microscopy for those patients with primary chancre, secondary lesions, and congenital infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wasserman Ab are specific for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If positive wasserman Ab suspect this bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This test is used to confrim nontreponemal tests |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment for early stages of syphilis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Used to treat late and congenital stages of sypihlis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Due to the slow growth of this bacteria, treatment needs to be prolonged for it to be effective |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sexually transmitted infection characterized by painful sores in the genital area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Similar to primary syphilis however a painful ulcer develops known as chancroid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genome and structure of HSV1 and HSV2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Viral infection can be lytic or latent usually a result of direct inoculation of the: eyes, respiratory, mouth, genitals, and anus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For fast results do PCR of DNA, virus can be obtained from vesicles but not crusted lesions. Tzanck smear shows epidermal multi-nucleated cells and eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Active lesions of this virus should be cared for away from high risk group including: burn patients, eczema, neonates, immunocomprimised |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment for HSV1 or HSV2 in immunocomprimised |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used to treat herpes keratitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genome and structure of HPV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Virus causing warts know as papillomas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genital warts from this virus rarely cause discomfort or pain but may lead to cancer of the genitals, anus, mouth, and URT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These serotypes are in the vaccine for HPV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HPV squamous cell with a larger irregular nucleus appear rounded and in clumps |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Visible warts typically do not cause cancer from this virus. hard to detect warts may be made more visible by using vinegar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If pap smear is inconclusive, follow up test is a ___ DNA test for this virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asymptomatic shedding promotes transmission usually through direct contact, warts may spread through auto inoculation and fomties |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HPV treatment for immunocompromised |
|
Definition
|
|
