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| Social Psychology, Explain Behavior |
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| study of feelings, thoughts, and behaviors related to social situations. Can be real or imagined. Goal of psychology |
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| Focuses on how social situations can influence the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of an individual. |
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| Focuses on how differences between individuals influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviors |
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| Focuses on behavior of communities and groups, not individuals |
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| situations can often determine behavior despite individual differences |
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| Nazi Germany, Milgram's study of obedience(62.5% completed experiment), Seminarians as Samaritans (Darley & Batson) |
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| Seminarians as Samaritans (Darley & Batson) |
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| No help when in a hurry, 90% didnt help when in a rush someone, 60% did when not in rush |
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| often influnces of situational factors arent fully recognized small situational factors can have large influences on guiding behavior in particular direction, (situational factor- being in a hurry overrides peoples helpful tendencies) |
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| Fundamental Atrribution Error |
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| Tendency to overestimate the role of personality and to underestimate the role of situations when explaining other people’s behavior |
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| Interpretation and inferences made about a stimulus or situation. Interpretations - subjective may mislead truth. Can govern behavior- how we interpret situations influences how we act."community game vs Wall Street |
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| may explain human behavior, physical and behavioral traits shaped by natural selection |
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| many human behaviors and social customs are universal, some shared with animals |
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| evolutionary approaches may explain some sex differences in behavior, e.g. Parental investment |
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Evolutionary theories are sometimes controversial
Many oppose the idea that human behavior is heavily governed by genetics and biology
Biological theories of human behavior and ability were misused in the past |
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Scientists have begun studying how changes in brain activity influence social behavior
Specific areas of the brain are found to be more active during different cognitive and emotional tasks |
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Cultures in which people tend to think of themselves as distinct social entities,
tied to each other by voluntary bonds of affection and organizational memberships,
but essentially separate from other people,
and having attributes that exist in the absence of any connection to others (Western) |
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| interdependent (collectivstic) cultures |
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Think of self as part of a collective
Interconnected to others, with smaller emphasis on individual freedom or choices (non western) |
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Sex differences are present in all cultures, but degree of difference varies from culture to culture
Wide variation in cultural view of gender roles and equality
Cultural variation in sexual practices
For instance, different views of behaviors like polygamy or homosexuality |
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| Prediction about what will happen under particular circumstances, body of related propositions intended to describe some aspect of the world |
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Involves observing participants in social situations
Attempts to systematically observe behaviors
Behaviors may be recorded and categorized
May involve additional measures like interviews and questionnaires |
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Involves analyzing social behaviors documented in past records
Newspapers, police reports, hospital records, and so on
Can be used to test theories about social behavior |
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Involve asking participants questions, usually through an interview or a questionnaire
Important to consider the number and type of people surveyed
Survey results may be limited if the sample is biased
Surveys can accurately represent a population from a relatively small sample if the sample is unbiased |
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| Every person has an equal chance of being studied, prevents bias |
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Statistical procedure used for determining whether or not there is a relationship between 2 variables
Researcher is attempting to identify directly the relationships between 2+ variables, without imposing any sort of manipulation seen in experimental designs
Cannot make inferences about causes of behavior |
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Research that involves assigning participants to different situations or conditions
Participants should be randomly assigned to different conditions
Experiments allow for causal inferences about how different conditions influence behavior |
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Researchers have no control over characteristics, choices, and behaviors of the participants
The participants, not the researchers, determine the levels of the variable being studied , self selection bias? |
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may explain correlations
A correlation between two variables may actually be caused by a third variable
High SAT and high GPA may be caused by other factors like IQ, educational background, family history, and so on |
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| Requirements for good experimental design |
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Manipulation of 1+ variables
Equivalence: ensuring that participants in each experimental condition are equivalent to each other at the beginning of the study
Random assignment |
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| Characteristics of Experimental research |
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Conditions are controlled or manipulated by the researcher
Behaviors are systematically measured
Comparisons of how different manipulations affect behavior allow researchers to determine causal influences of behavior |
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| Experimental/Control Condtion |
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| conditions that recieves treatment/manipulation, doesn't |
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| Can infer that differences between experimental and control groups are due to the experimental manipulation and not to differences between the types of people that were in each condition |
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Experimental results can generalize to real-life situations because the experimental set-up resembled a real-life situation
Asks the question: does a causal relationship hold over different persons, treatments, settings, and outcomes?
Sample representativeness
Random sampling |
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Confidence that the experimental results were being caused by the manipulated variables
Concerned with whether the treatment variable causes the outcome variable
3 conditions need to be met for internal validity
Internal and external validity may be inversely related |
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Experimental results can generalize to real-life situations because the experimental set-up resembled a real-life situation
Asks the question: does a causal relationship hold over different persons, treatments, settings, and outcomes?
Sample representativeness
Random sampling |
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How consistently a test will measure the variable of interest
If you took the same test twice, would it give you the same score? |
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The degree that a test accurately measures the variable of interest
For instance, are IQ tests true measures of what people think of as intelligence?
Are personality tests good predictors of people’s behavior?
Studies suggest personality tests rarely predict behavior in specific situations |
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The degree that a test accurately measures the variable of interest
For instance, are IQ tests true measures of what people think of as intelligence?
Are personality tests good predictors of people’s behavior?
Studies suggest personality tests rarely predict behavior in specific situations |
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Measure of the probability that a given result could have occurred by chance
Results that have a very low probability of occurring by chance are considered statistically significant |
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| Concerned with trying to gain knowledge in its own right. Concerned with using current understanding of a phenomenon in order to solve a real-world problem |
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| Research conducted at universities must be approved by...examine all research protocol to determine if the research is ethically appropriate |
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Ethical considerations
1.Participants should have sufficient information about the procedures to appropriately judge whether they want to participate
2. may be used if properly justified, Participants may be misled to prevent them from guessing the purpose of the study |
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