Term
| How we measure delinquency |
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Definition
| UCR, victim surveys, self-report surveys, Natinal Incident-Based Reporting System. |
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Term
| Advangtage/Disadvangtage of UCR to measure deliquency. |
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Definition
| Good overall measure of most serious crime, not so much for less serious. |
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Term
| Victim Surveys Advangtage/Disadvangtages |
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Definition
Shows that the actual amount of crime is 2 to 3 times that reported in the UCR
Limitations
Shows that the actual amount of crime is 2 to 3 times that reported in the UCR
Individual variation in interviewing process
Memory decay
Telescoping events into reference period
Possibility of over-reporting
Only most serious offense is reported
Victim reluctance to report victimization by friends/family
Interviewee fatigue. |
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Term
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Definition
Disadvantages
No uniformity across studies
Telescoping events into the reference period
Memory decay
Bottom Line: It’s a great source of data to help us understand why individuals commit crime and delinquency |
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Term
| The Positivists School – Assumptions |
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Definition
(1) Belief in Determinism
Biological
Psychological
Sociological
(2) Use of the Scientific Method
Cesare Lombroso – Father of Criminology
First person to apply the scientific method to the study of crime and examine cases of criminal behavior |
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Term
| Differential Association Theory (Sutherland) |
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Definition
| Believes that we learn to be criminal via a process of learning how to do criminal behaviors from others. |
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Term
| Social Control Theory (Hirschi) |
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Definition
Believes that we become delinquent when one of four bonds to society are weakened.
(1) Attachment
(2) Commitment
(3) Involvement
(4) Belief |
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Term
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Definition
Believes that crime is a function of conformity to conventional cultural values.
In other words, crime is a function of the disjuncture between the cultural goals and the institutional means to attain those goals. |
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Term
| Adolescent Limited Offenders (AL’s): |
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Definition
Both male and female offenders
Begin offending careers in adolescence
Non-violent acts of delinquency
Discontinuity in behavior is key
Discontinue offending careers as they enter adulthood |
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Term
| What Causes LCP’s to Offend? |
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Definition
| The interaction of children who have neuropsychological deficits who are poorly socialized. |
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Term
| What Causes LCP’s to Persist |
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Definition
| Contemporary Consequences (stability in individual differences) and SNARES |
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Term
| What Causes AL’s to Offend? |
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Definition
Social Mimicry
Maturity Gap |
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Term
| What Causes AL’s to Desist? |
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Definition
Changing Contingencies
Family Ties
Career Opportunities |
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Term
| Social Disorganization Theory – Shaw and McKay |
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Definition
(1) Cities were growing at a rapid pace
(2) The progressive movement was taking shape
Became interested in the geographical distribution of crime |
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Term
| which zone (shaw and mcakay) is zone of concern? |
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Definition
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Term
Shaw and McKay
Characteristics of High Crime Areas |
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Definition
(1) Persistent Poverty
(2) Residential Mobility
(3) Ethnic Heterogeneity |
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Term
| Gottfredson and Hirschi’s sources of crime |
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Definition
| Low Self-Control Opportunity Delinquency/Crime |
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Term
| What do G&H suggest about sociological explanations of delinquency and crime? |
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Definition
| they say that they are wrong, only the individual's self-control matters. Everything else is spurrious. |
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Term
| Persistent Heterogeneity: |
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Definition
| The causes of delinquency are the same over the life course. Interventions should not be age-graded |
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Term
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Definition
| The causes of delinquency vary over the life course. Interventions should be age-graded. |
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Term
| when did the houses of refuge begin? |
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Definition
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Term
| what was the purposes and goals of the houses of refuge? |
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Definition
Education
Vocational Training
Individualized Treatment |
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Term
| where was the first house of refuge established? |
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Definition
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Term
| did the houses of refuge meet their goals? |
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Definition
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Term
| what other option emerged during the failure of the houses of refuge? |
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Definition
| Development of Probation (1841) |
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Term
| what are the origins of the parens patriae doctrine? |
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Definition
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Term
| who were the individuals who were behind the development of the juvenile court? |
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Definition
Conditions of Houses of Refuge continued to deteriorate
Adult reformatories were under investigation
Reform schools did not live up to reputation
Exploitation of child labor was being challenged
Cities were becoming more dense and disorganized |
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Term
| what act began the juvenile court? |
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Definition
| Passage of Juvenile Court Act (1899) |
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Term
| what four aspects were changed with this act? (juvenile court act of 1899) |
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Definition
(1)Refined the definition of delinquency
(2) Removed the jurisdiction of juvenile cases from the adult court
(3) Authorized the placement of juveniles into separate facilities
(4) Provided for a system of probation that allowed the state to supervise the child outside of the institution. |
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Term
| what were the effects of the due process movement on the juvenile court in the 1960's |
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Definition
| had landmark court cases under the Warren Ct that gave juveniles much more rights. |
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Term
| what was the importance of the juvenile justice and delinquency prevention act (JJDPA)? What were the four D’s that were promoted by the JJDPA? |
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Definition
Promoted four D’s in the Juvenile Justice System
(1) Decriminalization
(2) Deinstitutionalization
(3) Diversion
(4) Due Process |
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Term
| what were the five goals of the JJDPA? |
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Definition
(1) Deinstitutionalization of status offenders
(2) Provide alternatives to incarceration for non-serious youthful offenders
(3) Provide additional funds to localities to improve delinquency prevention programs
(4) Establish federal assistance to deal with runaways
(5) Ensure that juveniles would not be detained in the same facilities as adults. |
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Term
| when did the ‘get tough’ movement occur? |
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Definition
| Early 1980’s – The Shift Toward Punishment |
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Term
| -how did the ‘get tough’ movement affect the processes of the juvenile justice system? |
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Definition
Shift Toward Punishment
Policies changed from a focus on prevention to control
Specifically, policies aimed to isolate (incapacitate) the persistent or serious violent juvenile offender |
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Term
| at present, how does the juv. justice system look in comparison to the adult criminal justice system? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the six models or ideologies through which we process youths through the juvenile court |
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Definition
| Rehabilitation Model, Treatment or Medical Model, Non-Interventionist Model, Due Process Model |
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Term
| what are the stages of the juvenile court process? |
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Definition
(1) Pretrial Procedures
(A) Detention Hearing
(B) Intake Process
(2) Adjudicatory Procedures
(3) Dispositional Procedures |
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Term
| what are the purposes of the intake process? |
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Definition
Identify the needs of the youth
Control the use of detention
Reduce court caseloads
Screen out non-serious cases |
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Term
| when are the three stages of the process that a youth can be detained? |
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Definition
At the Police Stage (subsequent to arrest)
At the Intake Stage (subsequent to arrest)
After the Adjudicatory Hearing |
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Term
| what are the four options that could occur during the intake process? |
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Definition
| Dismiss the Case, Informal Adjustment, Consent Decree, Informal Probation |
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Term
| how are adjudicatory hearings different from adult trials? |
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Definition
no right to a transcript of the proceedings,
no right to appellate review, no jury, jugde hands down verdit at the end of the hearing. |
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Term
| what are the current trends in waiver? |
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Definition
| more kids are waived to the adult court. |
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Term
| what are the reasons why youths are waived? |
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Definition
| Better chance of case being dismissed, and lesser punishment if it goes thru. |
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Term
| what are the factors that influence a waiver decision? |
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Definition
Age of the offender
Seriousness of the offense
Mental capacity of the youth
Prior delinquent record
Youth’s relationship with parents
Perceived dangerousness of the youth
Availability of services to the youth |
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Term
| what are the four main types of waivers? |
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Definition
| Prosecutorial Waivers, Judicial Waivers, Legislative Waivers, Demand Waivers. |
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Term
| what is a presumptive waiver decision? |
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Definition
These require that certain offenders be waived unless they can prove that they are suitable for juvenile rehabilitation.
Therefore, the youth is considered to be waived to the criminal court unless they can prove to be a suitable candidate for rehabilitation. |
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Term
| what is a reverse waiver? |
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Definition
| An action by the criminal court to transfer direct-filed cases from the criminal court back to the juvenile court usually at the recommendation of the criminal court prosecutor. |
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Term
| if transferred, what rights do juveniles have in the adult court? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the three types of prevention programs? |
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Definition
Primary Prevention Programs: These programs are directed at preventing illegal acts among the juvenile population as a whole before they occur by alleviating social conditions related to the offenders.
Secondary Prevention Programs: These programs seek to identify juveniles who appear to be at high risk for delinquency and/or abuse and to intervene in their lives early.
Tertiary Prevention Programs: These programs attempt to prevent further illegal acts among offenders once such acts have been committed. |
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Term
| the five components of the social ecological framework |
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Definition
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Institutional
Community
Policy |
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Term
| each of the school-based prevention programs discussed in class. |
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Definition
| D.A.R.E, G.R.E.A.T, Bullying Prevention Program (BPP) |
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Term
| each of the wilderness-based prevention programs discussed in class. |
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Definition
The Penikese School
Recidivism rates are relatively similar to other prevention programs (approximately 40% are rearrested within the first 12 to 24 months) |
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Term
| each of the restorative justice programs discussed in class. |
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Definition
| victim-offender mediation, victim impact panels, community sentencing. |
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Term
| Current Trends In Probation |
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Definition
700,000 youths who were placed on probation within the juvenile justice system.
One out of every two individuals coming into the juvenile justice system is placed on probation.
Probation officers carry caseloads that range from 2 to 300 cases. On average, probation officers carry between 30 and 50 cases. |
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Term
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Definition
| came as alternative to the harsh punishment of houses of refuge. Came out of the Juvenile Court Act of 1899. |
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Term
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Definition
| Intake, Investigation, Supervision |
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Term
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Definition
| Unconditional Standard Probation: Conditional Standard Probation: Intensive Supervision Probation: |
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Term
| Effectiveness of probation |
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Definition
| Maltz has found that recidivism rates for standard probation generally fall between 30% and 70%. |
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Term
| What are the reasons for the development of intermediate sanctions? |
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Definition
(1) Probation was becoming increasingly relied upon as a sentence for property (and violent) offenders
(2) Judges were becoming reluctant to sentence individuals adjudicated of non-serious crimes to secured confinement
(3) The public perceived that institutions were ineffective at rehabilitating individuals
(4) The delinquency rate was increasing |
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Term
| What are the variety of types of intermediate sanctions? |
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Definition
| Electronic Monitoring, Home Confinement/House Arrest, Shock Probation (incarcerated for short time), Shock Incarceration (bootcamps) |
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Term
| What are the types of facilities for juveniles? |
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Definition
| short term, long term (less used, 85 out of 1000). |
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Term
| What are the general purposes of aftercare/parole for juveniles? |
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Definition
To reward good behavior during detention.
To alleviate institutional overcrowding.
To permit youth to reintegrate back into their communities.
To deter youths from future offending by ensuring continued supervision.
To achieve greater compliance to institutional rules among incarcerate youths. |
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Term
| What are the various types of aftercare/parole for juveniles? |
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Definition
| indeterminate and determinate |
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Term
| What are the factors that impact the decision to release a youth on aftercare/parole? |
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Definition
(1) The youth’s behavior within the facility.
(2) The youth’s prospects for successful adaptation to community life and employment.
(3) Predispositional reports
(4) A youth’s appearance and demeanor during the aftercare hearing
(5) The presence of witnesses or victims
(6) The support of family members |
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Term
| What are the potential consequences of violating aftercare/parole? |
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Definition
(1) The youth could be returned to secure confinement
(2) The youth could be shifted to a different kind (more intense) of aftercare program.
(3) The youth could be placed on some type of intermediate sanction. |
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