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MIC 230
Prokaryotic function/structure
79
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
09/26/2011

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Term
first microbes evolved when?
Definition
3.8 billion years ago
Term
what did the evolution of the poryphrin ring allow the development of?
Definition
  • allowed development of cytochrome which allowed respiration to occur
  • Chlorophyll is also a poryphrin ring allowing photosynthesis
Term
how did the first cell form?
Definition
  1. RNA developed abiotically, then duplicated
  2. RNA enters lipoprotein and used as coding information and catalytic protein.
  3. protein takes over catalytic functions
  4. DNA is formed from RNA and takes over coding
  5. DNA->RNA->protein
Term
examples of microorganisms having an impact on history? 5
Definition
  1. bubonic plague-yersinia pestis
  2. potato blight- fungus
  3. smallpox-variola virus
  4. Cholera - vibrio cholerae
  5. common flu - influenza
Term
What was a major killer in the civil war?
Definition
  • staphylococcus aureus
Term
what was the first antibiotic? year? by?
Definition
penicillin - sir alexander fleming in 1928
Term
How much did the Romans and Greek society know about disease?
Definition
  • Romans - If you were sick from the plague and recovered, you could treat individuals infected with plague and not get sick again
  • Greeks - thought that animals entered the nose and mouth and caused disease.
Term
who discovered the first microbes? when? with what?
Definition
  • Antoine van leeuwenhoek in the 1600s with a 300x microscope. lens maker merchant
Term
what did Louis Pasteur do? time frame?
Definition
  • yeast caused fermentation in wine
  • pasteurization
  • disproved spontaneous generation with swan neck exp.
  • late 1800's
Term
Ignaz semmelweis discovered? when?
Definition
  • more mothers died after childbirth when the babies were delivered by the doctors than if delivered by midwives.  He thought it was due to not washing hands/utensils.
  • went nuts as he was rediculed (1845)
Term
Robert Koch did what? when?
Definition
  • 1876 - proved germ theory with koch's postulates with anthrax in cattle.
  • also discovered causative agents of cholera,TB
Term
Sergei Winogradski did? when?
Definition
  • discovered chemolithotroph
  • father of environmental micro
Term
who is the father of modern taxonomy?
Definition
  • Carl Woese - saw difference in rRNA and methane producing bacteria (later called archaeabacteria)
Term
Taxonomy?
Phylogeny?
Definition
How we classify different organisms
classification due to evolutionary descendants in the past
Term
difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Definition
Prokaryotes- no nucleus, 70s ribosomes, 1 circular chromosome, growth above 80C
Eukaryotes - nucleus, membrane bound organelles, linear DNA, introns, 80s ribosomes, sexual reproduction
Term
Defining Reference for prokaryotes?
Definition
Bergey's Manual
Term
characteristics of prokaryotes that makes them Adaptable?
Definition
biochemically diverse
growth potential
extremely tolerant
capable of genetic variation
Term
algal characteristics?
Definition
oxygenic photosynthesis
cell walls
Term
protozoa characteristics?
Definition
lack cell walls
ingulf food
motile by flagella, cilia, amoeboid movement
Term
Fungal characteristics?
Definition
cells walls of chitin
produce spores
absorb food by extracellular enzymes
Term
purpose of cholesterol(eukaryotes) and hapanoids(prokaryotes) in membrane?
Definition
strengthen, more rigidity
Term
archaeal lipids differences?
Definition
made of isoprenoid alcohols
ether linkages
can be tetraether lipids, lipid tails connected!
Term
functions of the membrane?A-G
Definition
1. permeability barrier except for water, gases and nonpolar molecules
2. houses proteins
3. transport
4. export of proteins and polysaccharides
5. energy generation
6. motility and chemotaxis
7. biosynthesis
Term
3 types of transport?
Definition
simple transport(uses proton gradient), group translocation(requires PEP), ATP binding Cassette(ABC)requires ATP
Term
function of cell wall?
Definition
confer shape and strength
provide elasticity to prevent lysing
Term
difference between gram +/-?
Definition
+ = no outer membrane, 20-40 layers peptidoglycan, no periplasm
- = outer membrane, few layers of peptidoglycan, periplasm
Term
peptidoglycan composition?
Definition
N - acetyl glucosamine
N - acetyl muramic acid
4-5 AAs
Term
molecular arrangement of peptidoglycan?
Definition
N-AM 4 AA cross linked to adjacent strands
Term
what is the target of penicillin, vanomycin and other antibiotics?
Definition
peptidoglycan synthesis
Term
teichoic acids?
Definition
polymers of alcohols and phosphates
attach to peptidoglycan or membrane
make envelope of cell negative
antigenic
Term
what does the outer membrane of a gram negative bacteria do?
Definition
creates periplasmic space
contains porins
linked to peptidoglycan by lipoprotein
contains liposaccharides
Term
gram negative liposaccaride structure?results in?
Definition
o specific polysaccarride, core polysaccharide, lipid A
negative charge, antigenic, endotoxin, binds cations
Term
porins in outer membrane result in?
Definition
small molecules can get through
causes membrane to not be a permeability membrane
Term
S layers? function?
Definition
crystalline protein layers outside the wall of gram +/- bacteria
antigenic, block other antigens, protect against toxins
Term
cell walls of archaea made of?
Definition
ALL LACK peptidoglycan
s layers
polysaccharides
pseudopeptdoglycan
Term
glycocalyx? fxns?
Definition
highly hydrated polysaccharide layers
antigenic, mask antigens, antiphagocytic, attachment, trap nutrients, protect(toxins)
Term
pili? uses?
Definition
protein appendages on cells
gene transfer(sex pilus)
attachment, antigenic
bacteriophage attachment
Term
types of motility?
Definition
flagella, spirochetes, gliding, gas vesicles, twitching
Term
flagella structural components?
Definition
filament, hook, basal body, Mot(ovals outside), Fli (balls inside)
Term
How is energy supplied for the flagella motor? On/off?
Definition
H+ proton gradient flows through mot proteins allowing them to rotate around ms ring. Fli proteins are motor switch
Term
chemotaxis?
Definition
how bacteria respond to certain media
Term
attractants
repellants?
Definition
chemicals that attract bacteria
chemicals taht repel bacteria
Term
molecular mechs of chemotaxis?
Definition
chemoreceptors detect environment, then transducer proteins send message to flagellar switch (fli proteins)through che proteins which alter tumbling and receptors
Term
phototaxis
aerotaxis?
Definition
bacteria that move toward light
move toward or away from oxygen
Term
characteristics of the endospore?resistant to?why?
Definition
synthesized inside the cell when nutrients are no longer available
resistant to heat, chemicals,radiation, freezing
Term
structure of endospore?
Definition
dehydrated cytoplasm, membrane and typical wall,cortex of moded peptidoglycan, protein spore coat, exosporium
Term
when do they exit endospores and germinate?
Definition
activation by heat
if environment becomes suitable again
Term
other resting stages
Definition
fungal and actinomycete spores
bacterial cysts
both dont survive extreme heat
Term
bacterial inclusions?storage products?
Definition
poly-B-hydroxyalkonate - unique fat-like storage products
glycogen, Volutin(polyphosphate), cyanophycin(N), sulfur (source of e-)
Term
Inclusions: Magnetosomes? Gas Vesicles?
Definition
Rows of magnets found in the cytoplasm in aquatic bacteria to orient bacteria in earths magnetic field(swim down)
Allow bacteria to float
Term
stalks and prostecha
Definition
st- acellular extensions on cells for attachment
pro - cellular extensions that increase SA/V ratio to increase survival in dilute environments, maybe attachment
Term
anabolism? requires?
Definition
metabolic processes that are involved in cell division
requires NRG(ATP), substrates, reducing power (NADPH)
Term
catabolism? rxns? products?
Definition
make energy in a usable form either high energy chemical bonds or proton gradient
CO2, urea
Term
what does a microbe require to reproduce?
Definition
carbon and energy source
Term
types of nutrition classes that use energy source?
Definition
phototrophs - convert sunlight to E
chemoorganotrophs chemicals to organic
molecules
chemolithotrophs - chemicals to inorganic chemicals
Term
carbon source types?
Definition
heterotrophs - use organic carbon and phototrophy
Autotrophs-use CO2 for C and E from light
Term
4 types of cell division
Definition
binary fission
budding
fragmentation division
spore formation
Term
steps of binary fission?
Definition
DNA replication
elongation
septum formation
septum completion, cell separation
Term
budding common in?
Definition
yeasts
Term
fragmentation division steps?
Definition
attachment, penetration, elongation, prey lyses, release of progeny
Term
growth rate?
exponential growth
generation time?
Definition
increase in numbers over time
logarithmic curve
latent period where cell rests in between divisions
Term
4 stages of bacterial growth curve?
Definition
lag, log, stationary, death
Term
secondary metabolism
Definition
geared toward survival, not reproduction = less E (start to make antibiotics)
Term
How can one make a continuous culture?
Definition
maintain log phase by continually replacing media by using a chemostat
Term
why does the culture stop growing and begin to die? 3?
Definition
run out of nutrients, overcrowding, accumulate toxic products
Term
4 ways to measure growth?
Definition
direct count (microscopic grid count)
viable count (plate count)
measure mass (dry weight)
measure turbidity
Term
how many ATP pre glucose via glycolysis? oxidation step? ATP steps?
Definition
2 ATP at PEP to pyruvate and 1,3 biphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate
oxi at glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate
Term
lactic acid fermentation bacteria? ethanol?
Definition
lactic - lactobacillus
ehtanol - saccharomyces
Term
applications of fermentations?
Definition
food: beer, wine, cheese, yogurt
probiotics, chemicals, ID
Term
How many NADH produced in Krebs cycle?steps?
Definition
8 NADH: pyruvate to acetyl CoA
isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA
malate to oxaloacetate
Term
what else is produced? steps?
Definition
2 ATP Succinyl CoA to succinate
2 FADH succinate to fumarate
Term
respiration?
Definition
oxidation of an inorganic or organic energy source in which electrons pass down an ETC and are accepted by an external terminal electron acceptor (O2, NO3, SO4)
Term
other respiration pathways?
Definition
FA oxidation
Alkanes to FA
Aromatic rings to either Acetyl CoA or Succinyl CoA
Term
electron carriers in ETC?
Definition
flavoproteins, Quinones(both accept 2e- and 2 protons)
Fe-S proteins
Cytochromes
Term
ATP synthase components? how does it work?
Definition
Fo = IMP F1 = IC PMP
for every 3 H+ protons that go through it down their conc. gradient and ATP is made.
Term
anaerobic respirations?
Definition
Nitrate Reduction-E. coli reduces NO3 to NO2. Also pseudomonas denitrifies NO3 all the way to N2.
Sulfate Reduction-Desulfovibrio reduce SO4 all the way to H2S, not favorable so gains little E.
Term
chemolithotrophy
Definition
bacteria can oxidize inorganic chemicals for energy (mostly aerobic)
Term
3 types?
Definition
Hydrogen oxidation(methanobacterium)
Ammonia ox. nitrosomonas
sulfur ox. thiobacillus, thiomargaritas
Term
purpose of pentose phosphate shunt and calvin cycle?
Definition
pps-make NADPH and biosynthetic intermeds(5C sugars)
cc - make organic matter out of CO2 and intermediates from CO2
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