Term
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Definition
| Gram negative, obligate aerobes, polar flagella, extreme metabolic diversity. Found in soil |
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Term
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Definition
| Gram Positive, rod shaped, aerobic, endospore forming, common in soil. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gram Negative, found in enteric tract or soil, a butanediol fermenter of glucose to produce non-acidic compounds, looks pink on EMB agar |
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Term
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Definition
| Gram negative, only found in enteric tract or fecal matter, mixed-acid fermenter of glucose producing acidic compounds, has green metallic color on EMB agar |
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Term
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Definition
| Gram positive, forms spherical strips, aerotolerant anaerobes, have a complex nutrition |
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Term
| Staphylococcus epidermidis/aureus |
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Definition
| Gram positive, found normally on humans, form spherical clusters, facultative aerobes, simple nutrition. Staphylococcus aureus can lead to Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a deadly bacteria. Forms white colonies with a zone of clearing on YGC agar |
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Term
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Definition
| Gram positive, spherical, obligate aerobes, found in soil and skin, forms yellow colonies with no zone of clearing on YGC agar |
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Term
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Definition
Proposed by Louis Pasteur.
1) Specific microbes have specific metabolic processes
2) Microbes are in the air
3) Specific microbes cause specific diseases
Robert Koch beat him to it. |
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Term
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Definition
1) Find disease in sick animal, not healthy
2) Isolate microbe and grow in pure culture
3) Microbe must produce same disease in healthy animal
4) Re-isolate microbe from new sick animal |
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Term
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Definition
Composed of two alternating sugars which forms outside the cell, N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM). 4 Amino acids connect to the NAM side chain only.
1) L-Alanine
2) D-Glutamic Acid
3) DAP
4) D-Alanine
The precursor shipped out is actually 5 Amino Acids (extra D-Alanine), but that is removed and energy is harvested from that to form the tetrapeptide side chain. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st part of bacteria growth curve. No immediate increase in cell size or number as bacteria need to adjust to new environment. They are vulnerable to attack. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria grow rapidly and modify environment to suit their needs. Will be exponential curve on the graph. Bacteria has uniform identity |
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Term
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Definition
| Limited nutrients halt the growth of bacteria. Cell Divisions = Cell Deaths. Causes O2/nutrient depletion and waste accumulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nutrients completely depleted. More cell death than division. Defenses kick in and kill pathogens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cold-loving bacteria. Obligate bacteria cannot grow above 20 C. Have unsaturated fatty acid membranes. Facultative grow best below 20 C. |
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Term
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Definition
| Optimum growth between 25-40 C. Consists of a majority of bacteria and pathogens. |
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Term
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Definition
Facultative - grow best above 37 C.
Obligate - Cannot grow below 37, best between 50-60. Has saturated fatty acid membrane.
Hyperthermophiles - Optimum growth at 100 C. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria have thick layer of peptidoglycan surrounding cell membrane, rely on strength in amount. Uses peptide interbridge (multiple amino acids between the tetrapeptide). Stains purple. Stabilized vertically by teichoic acid. All spore forming bacteria are gram positive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria have only one layer thick peptidoglycan, but tetrapeptide side chain is directly bonded. Structure is outer membrane/peptidoglycan, periplasm, then inner membrane. The outer membrane is less permeable than inner. Outer membrane has lipopolysaccharides for communication. |
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Term
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Definition
Monotrichous - flagellum at one end of cell
Amphitrichous - have flagellum at both ends
Lophotrichous - clustered flagella at one end
Peritrichous - numerous flagella surrounding cell
Three Components:
Hook, Filament and Ring (Gram Pos. lack L/P)
MS and C ring can rotate |
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Term
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Definition
| When protons pass through cell membrane, they cause MS and C rings in flagella to turn, propelling the bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protons pass through stators (motor protein), without touching MS and C rings. However, electrostatic interactions cause the rings to turn propelling the bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reversibly inhibits the growth of a bacteria. Relies on immune system to pick up the slack once it stops growth. Has a higher therapeutic index |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Minimum inhibitory Concentration |
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Definition
| Lowest concentration of antibiotic that prevents growth of bacteria. |
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Term
| Minimum Lethal Concentration |
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Definition
| Minimum antibiotic concentration required to kill a bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes Penicillin and Cephalosporins. Inhibits transpeptidation by binding to penicillin binding proteins and inhibiting enzyme activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bactericidal narrow-spectrum. Attacks gram positive cocci. Excreted by kidneys and active in urine. A beta-lactam antibiotic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bactericidal broad spectrum. Excreted by the kidneys. A beta-lactam antibiotic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Example: Vancomycin. Bactericidal narrow spectrum for gram positive bacteria. Inhibits transpeptidation by binding to the D-Ala - D-Ala bond of the pentapeptide precursor. Excreted by kidneys. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bactericidal narrow spectrum on gram negatives. Bind to 30S subunit and inhibit the formation of the 30S complex. Includes Streptomycin, Gentamycin, Neomycin... |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteriostatic, very broad spectrum. Bind to 30S subunit of intact ribosome and prevents insertion of new tRNA. Examples include tetracylcine, chlorotetracycline and oxatetracycline |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteriostatic, broad spectrum. High therapeutic index. Binds to 50S subunit and blocks translocation and release of tRNA . Example includes erythromycin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteriostatic Broad spectrum. Interferes with folic acid synthesis needed for DNA synthesis. Includes sulfanilamide, sulfamethoxazole. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bactericidal broad spectrum. Binds to RNA polymerase and blocks the synthesis of mRNA. Includes Rifampin and Rifampicin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bactericidal broad spectrum. Inhibits DNA gyrase and and prevents DNA from supercoiling. Includes Naldixic Acid and Ciprofloxacin. |
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