Term
|
Definition
any chemical structure that the immune system can recognize as "non-self"
mainly biomolecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small parts of larger antigen that are recognized by immune system
part of antigen which physically interacts with antibody or TCR
typically 6-8 AA long, linear or specific conformation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small molecules that can act as an epitope for antibodies
non-immunogenic by themselves, need to be coupled to larger antigen (carrier) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antigen with one epitope plus activation of innate immune system
method of activating an immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antigens capable of eliciting an immune response
needs a certain dose to achieve the reponse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
form myeloid type WBs for both innate and adaptive immune systems
makes neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
forms lymphoid type WBCs used mainly for adaptive response
makes B cells, T cells, plasma cells, effector T cells and NK cells |
|
|
Term
| adaptive response to bacteria |
|
Definition
1* recognition - macrophages and dendritic cells
movement - dendritic cells carry to lymph nodes
2* recognition - T cells and B cells by moving through lymph node
amplification - lymphocytes proliferation and migrate to infection site
memory - B and T cells |
|
|
Term
| adaptive response to virus |
|
Definition
viral infected cell presents viral peptides via HC-I to cytotoxic T cell which kills the infected cell
B cells make neutralizing Abs (IgA) that bind to viral particle |
|
|
Term
| major histability complex |
|
Definition
facilitate initiation of adaptive immune responses by allowing communication between cells
human leukocyte antigens
helps T cells communicated with B cells, DCs and macrophages
shapes T cell repertoire
regulates attack of pathogen, autoimmune disease, transplantation and generates memory cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
variation in every MHC gene (allele)
humans express a unique subset of MHC genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
several related gene classes (HLA-A, B and C)
body express all the classes, have similar/same functionality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
alleles on the chromosomes are expressed
increases differences between people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A, B and C - directly communicate with T cells
E, G and F - communicates with NK cells
three alpha domains, 1&2 combine to form peptide binding group
requires peptide in groove and B2-microglobulin to go to membrane
interacts with CD8 cytotoxic T cell
expressed on all cells except RBCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DR, DQ and DP - alpha1 and beta1 form peptide binding groove, directly communicate with T cells
DM and DO - process and present peptide
peptide is required for expression on membrane
interact with CD4 T helper cells
expressed on DCs, macrophages and B cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chaperone protein, puts part of itself into the MHC-II peptide groove and stabilizes the complex within the ER |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MHC-II associated invariant chain peptide, occupies binding pocket where peptide will be loaded
forms the stable waiting form of MHC-II in the endosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
any chemical structure that the immune system can recognize as "non-self"
mainly biomolecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small parts of larger antigen that are recognized by immune system
part of antigen which physically interacts with antibody or TCR
typically 6-8 AA long, linear or specific conformation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small molecules that can act as an epitope for antibodies
non-immunogenic by themselves, need to be coupled to larger antigen (carrier) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antigen with one epitope plus activation of innate immune system
method of activating an immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antigens capable of eliciting an immune response
needs a certain dose to achieve the reponse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
form myeloid type WBs for both innate and adaptive immune systems
makes neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
forms lymphoid type WBCs used mainly for adaptive response
makes B cells, T cells, plasma cells, effector T cells and NK cells |
|
|
Term
| adaptive response to bacteria |
|
Definition
1* recognition - macrophages and dendritic cells
movement - dendritic cells carry to lymph nodes
2* recognition - T cells and B cells by moving through lymph node
amplification - lymphocytes proliferation and migrate to infection site
memory - B and T cells |
|
|
Term
| adaptive response to virus |
|
Definition
viral infected cell presents viral peptides via HC-I to cytotoxic T cell which kills the infected cell
B cells make neutralizing Abs (IgA) that bind to viral particle |
|
|
Term
| major histability complex |
|
Definition
facilitate initiation of adaptive immune responses by allowing communication between cells
human leukocyte antigens
helps T cells communicated with B cells, DCs and macrophages
shapes T cell repertoire
regulates attack of pathogen, autoimmune disease, transplantation and generates memory cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
variation in every MHC gene (allele)
humans express a unique subset of MHC genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
several related gene classes (HLA-A, B and C)
body express all the classes, have similar/same functionality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
alleles on the chromosomes are expressed
increases differences between people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A, B and C - directly communicate with T cells
E, G and F - communicates with NK cells
three alpha domains, 1&2 combine to form peptide binding group
requires peptide in groove and B2-microglobulin to go to membrane
interacts with CD8 cytotoxic T cell
expressed on all cells except RBCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DR, DQ and DP - alpha1 and beta1 form peptide binding groove, directly communicate with T cells
DM and DO - process and present peptide
peptide is required for expression on membrane
interact with CD4 T helper cells
expressed on DCs, macrophages and B cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chaperone protein, puts part of itself into the MHC-II peptide groove and stabilizes the complex within the ER |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MHC-II associated invariant chain peptide, occupies binding pocket where peptide will be loaded
forms the stable waiting form of MHC-II in the endosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
proteases encoded in MHC-I gene group
cut up proteins into peptides for MHC presentation
modify activity of proteasome to generate correct size of peptides for transportation into ER |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transport mechanism that function as dimer
transport peptides into ER in MHC-I presentation pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps stabilize MHCI until B2-microglobulin associates |
|
|
Term
| calrecticulin, PDI, tap-asin, and ERp57 |
|
Definition
| used to assemble the MHC-I/peptide complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large glycopeptide secreted by antigen-activated B cells
found in serum and on mucosal surfaces
several subclasses
2 antigen binding site per Ab |
|
|
Term
| classes of antibody (& subclasses) |
|
Definition
G, M , D, A, and E
G1, G2, G3, G4, M, D, A1, A2, E |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neutralizing, not effecient complement fixation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complement fixation, inflammatory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complement fixation, opsonizing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary Ab in mucosal secretion, specifically transported across epithelial membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds mast cells, mediates Type I "immediate" hypersensitivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
identical within a single AB
linked to light chain via disulfide bond
1/4 variable, 3/4 constant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
identical within single Ab
linked to heavy chain via disulfide bond
1/2 variable, 1/2 constant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
flexible region located between upper and lower halves of Ab
involves a disulfide bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pentameric form of IgM
five copies of 2H-2L form linked by inter-subunit disulfide bonds plus a J(joining) chain |
|
|
Term
| Abs that activate complement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abs that neutralize antigen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abs that bind to mast cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IgG1, longest half-life in serum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IgE, shortest half-life in serum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of autoantibodies |
|
|
Term
Western blot test
(immunoblot) |
|
Definition
| lab to measure specific proteins using Abs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to measure blood cell populations using Abs |
|
|
Term
| fluorescence-based cell sorting (FACS) |
|
Definition
| sorts cells using antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
measured by ELISA usually
greatest dilution that yields a positive test
usually expressed as ratio (e.g. 1:8)
larger number on right --> more antibody present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sera collected over severl weeks
used to differentiation acute infection vs. convalescent sera
rising titer --> recent infection
falling titer --> infection in remote past |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two highly conserved proteins: Rag1, Rag2
involved in Ig gene recombination
bind to special recognition sequence in the V, D and J element genes |
|
|
Term
| heptamer/nonamer sequences |
|
Definition
recognition elements in DNA that control VDJ recombination
separated by 12-224 base pairs, flank VDJ gene segments
help to ensure proper order of recombination by the Rag proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
B cells goes from expression of IgM and IgD to Ige, IgA, or IgG
type of DNA translocation that brins variable VDJ segment closer to down stream constant region genes for each subclass
S site chosen depends on signal received by B cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sites at the 3' end of assembled VDJ segment and 5' end of constant regions
used at markers for isotype switching
one in front of each class of Ab constant region segments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
target S regions, nick DNA, switches sites pair
intervening DNA becomes extra-chromosomal and eventually lost |
|
|
Term
| steps of B cell development |
|
Definition
| stem cell -> early pro-B -> late pro-B -> large pre-B -> small pre-B -> immature B -> mature B |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
to B cell to help direct development
ahesion molecules, integrin and IL-7 |
|
|
Term
| signals to stem and lymphoid progenitor for B cell development |
|
Definition
CAM, VCAM
from stromal cells
recognized by VLA-4 on developing B cell |
|
|
Term
| signals for early pro-B cell to continue development |
|
Definition
SCF, VCAM from stromal cells
c-Kit, and VLA-4 recognize from B cell |
|
|
Term
| signals for late pro-B cell to continue development |
|
Definition
SCF, VCAM, IL-7 from stromal cells
c-Kit, and VLA-4 recognize from B cell |
|
|
Term
| stem cell (B development) |
|
Definition
heavy and light chains are germline
normal
no Ig's expressed on surface |
|
|
Term
| early pro-B cell (B development) |
|
Definition
D-J rearranged for heavy chain, light chain is germline
no Ig's expressed on surface |
|
|
Term
| late pro-B cell (B development) |
|
Definition
V-DJ rearranged fro heavy chain, light chain is germline
no Ig's on surface |
|
|
Term
| large pre-B cell (B development) |
|
Definition
VDJ rearranged for heavy chain**, light chain is germline
u chain in cytoplasm and at surface |
|
|
Term
| small pre-B cell (B development) |
|
Definition
VDJ rearranged for heavy chain, VJ rearrangemetn occurring for light chain
u chain in cytoplasm and at surface |
|
|
Term
| immature B cell (B development) |
|
Definition
VDJ rearranged fro heavy chain, VJ rearranged for light chain
IgM expressed on surface
found in marrow and PLT |
|
|
Term
| mature B cell (B development) |
|
Definition
VDJ rearranged for heavy chain, VJ rearranged fro light chain
IgM and IgD expressed on surface
found in PLT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| VpreB and lambda5, allow for surface expression of heavy chain without light chain being rearranged yet |
|
|
Term
| allelic exclusion (B cell) |
|
Definition
B cell only expresses one productively rearranged Ig heavy and light chain
achieved by rearranging alleles one at a time
(if productive rearrangement occurs on one chromosome, further rearrangement is prohibited by that)
important for specificity of b cell responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process that elminates auto-reactive antibodies or TCRs |
|
|
Term
| deletion (negative selection, B cell) |
|
Definition
cell death, apoptosis, removes clonotype from periphery
typically in response to multi-velent or cell-surface self-antigen
too strong of signal is produced by interaction of IgM with Ag |
|
|
Term
| anergy (negative selection, B cell) |
|
Definition
cell remains alive, but is specifically unreponsive
not a strong enough signal through IgM interaction
can try to undergo light chain rearrangement again to get right signal strength |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IgM and IgD with same variable regin
MHC-II and MHC-I
CR1 and CR2
Fc receptor
**CD19 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found only on B cells
enhances signaling to sIg
target for B cell lymphoma drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
generated early in development, self-renew, high spontaneous Ig production, Ig is polyreactive, little to no somatic hypermutation, enriched in non-lymphoid compartments
considered part of innate system
limited clonal diversity
designed to bind to bacterial carbohydrate structures, activate complement
can produce detectable Abs within 48hrs of infection w/o T cell help |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continually renewed in bone marrow, low spontanoues Ig production, Ig is monospecific predominantly to protein Ag, somatic hypermutation, make the bulk of B cell population in lymphoid tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapidly proliferating, isotype switching, somatic hypermutation, affinity selection, many die |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
terminal differentiated, non-proliferating, secreting massive amounts of antibody (Ab factory)
cytoplasm filled with RER; long-lived, goes to bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resting, ready to respond quickly to antigen again; long-lived |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| typically protein antigens, involve CD40 signal given by T cells for B cell activation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| typically polysaccharides, activate B cell directly by cross-linking BCR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sIG, Ig-alpha, Ig-beta, CD45, Bruton's tyrosine kinases, co-receptors (CD19, CR2/CD21, CD81)
co-receptors enhance signal up to 1000x, meaning less antigen threshold for B cell activation |
|
|
Term
| surface/membrane immunoglobulin (sIg or mIg) |
|
Definition
alternative spliced form of Ig with transmembrane and cytoplasmic segment
BCR of the BCR signaling complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of BCR signaling complex
signaling proteins associated with mIg
mutations here can lead to immunodeficiency due to B cells not being activated properly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of BCR signaling complex
tyrosine phosphatase that activates src family kinases (Bruton's) |
|
|
Term
| Bruton's tyrosine kinases |
|
Definition
part of BCR signaling complex
src family tyrosine kinasses (BTK), Blk, Fyn, Lyn
phosphorylate the ITAMs of Ig-alpha and Ig-beta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of BCR signaling complex, co-receptor
binds C3 fragments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of BCR signaling complex, co-receptor
signaling chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of BCR signaling complex, co-receptor
unknown function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
signaling intermedies of CD40 signaling from T cell to B cell
located inside B cell
activate SAP kinase and I-kappa-beta kinase pathways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
activated in CD40 signaling by TRAF and RIP in B cell
JNK combines Jun and Fos and phosphorylates complex --> AP-1
AP-1 is transcription factor that changes gene transcription in CD40 signaling |
|
|
Term
| I-kappa-beta kinase pathway |
|
Definition
activated in CD40 signaling by TRAF and RIP in B cell
frees NF-kappa-beta which is a TF that changes gene transcription |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cluster of rapidly proliferating B cells
site where somatic hypermutation of Ab genes and Ab affinity selection take place
site of B memory cell generation
major site of Ig isotype switching
most germinal B cells will die |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
high rate of mutations that accumulate in Ab variable region genes during immune response
occurs only in germinal center
requires AID enzyme
helps to make higher affinity 2* Abs
mutation are random: good, bad or neutral effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased overall affinity of immune response due to somatic hypermutation and other germinal center activities |
|
|
Term
| dark zone (germinal center) |
|
Definition
contains centroblasts
B cells in process of rapid division and selection |
|
|
Term
| light zone (germinal center) |
|
Definition
| contains centrocytes and specialized dendritic cells importnat for germinal center response and Th cells too, essential for germinal center reponse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasma cell cancer in bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located on secreted Ig
binds specific receptors on cell surface
functions specific for that Fc (complement fixation, transport, etc.)
different isotopes of Ig give different function |
|
|
Term
| variable (specific Ag-binding) region |
|
Definition
located on secreted Ig
blocks activity of Ag
complexes with and helps localize Ag
neutralizes and prevents dissemenination |
|
|
Term
| basic functions of secreted Igs |
|
Definition
block toxin activity
block cellular invasion
opsonize for phagocytosis
antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity |
|
|
Term
| antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity |
|
Definition
Ab directed lysis, NK cell are cytotoxic cells with FCR
NK cells lyse targets as directed by Ab |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
surface proteins that bind the Fc region of Igs
allows cell to bind Ig for effector function (opsonization, mast cell activation, ADCC, etc.)
transmit signals to cells of immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
FcR expressed on epithelial cells
transports IgA across epithelial membranes to mucosal surfaces (can also transport IgM)
transports IgA to newborn during breastfeeding
occurs it gut, resp tract, tear glands, salivary glands, and breast milk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
FcR expressed on endothelial cells
carries IgG from blood to extracellular space
how Abs get to site of infection from blood stream
transport IgG to fetus during pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heterodimer of alpha and beta chains or gamma-delta chains |
|
|
Term
| enzymes for TCR gene rearrangment |
|
Definition
| Rag 1/2, TdT and DNA reapair enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
top of MHC-peptide complex
can be class I or II depdning on presenting and T cell types
bindin requires interaction with MHC protein and the peptide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
associates with short intracelluar T cell tail and helps with signaling
composed of 1gamma, 1delta, 2epsilon, 2zeta and [nu] subunits
non-polymorphic, necessary for TCR expression on surface
transduces signal when TCR interacts with MHC-peptide complex
contains ITAMs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tyrosine kinases recruited in TCR signaling to phosphorylate ITAMs and signaling (activate TFs)
Lck associates with CD4
kinases are acitivated by TCR/CD3 clustering |
|
|
Term
| T cell co-receptor functions |
|
Definition
MHC restriction (class type recognized)
Increase activation (intracellular tail recruits tyrosine kinases)
adhesion (extracellular domain increases MHC-TCR avidity)
CD4 and CD8 = co-receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
TCR, unique per cell, specificity
CD4 or CD8
CD3 on all T cells, signaling role
CD28 on all T cells, co-stimulation
Adhesion molecules on all T cells` |
|
|
Term
| antigen specific recognition |
|
Definition
method of T cell activation
recognizes specific peptide presented by self-MHC
MHC restricted process (must be right MHC class and subset of that class, A vs. B vs. C for class I)
recognition <0.1% of time |
|
|
Term
| allogenic MHC recognition |
|
Definition
method of T cell activation
recognizes non-self MHC regardless of peptide in groove
ex: rejection of transplanted organ
recognition up to 10% of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recognize non-self MHC and are activated via allogenic MHC recognition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
method of T cell activation
no specificity of antigen, TCR-beta chain recognizes the superantigen in conjunction with MHC-II
results in activation of APCs and CD4 T cells and induces a cytokine storm; systemic toxicity, sepsis-like condition, suppresses functional adaptive immune system
recognition 2-20% of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bacterial and viral proteins that can activate huge amount of T cells
non-specific activation by binding Betachains and MHC-II |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnsence of thymus that results in no T cell development; congenital immunodeficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
recognize foreign antigenic peptides with self-MHC
positive selection produces this |
|
|
Term
| positive selection (T cell development) |
|
Definition
generate T cells that can recognize foreing/non-self-antigens when in context of self-MHC
mediated by cortical epithelial cells of thymus
failure --> lack of functional T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
goal of T cell development to not respone to self-MHC/self-peptide complexes
mediated by negative selection |
|
|
Term
| negative selection (T cell development) |
|
Definition
eliminate potentially self-reactive T cells that recognize self-peptide-MHC complexes
mediated by dendritic cells, medullary epithelial cells and macrophages in the thymus
failure --> self-reactive T cells --> autoimmunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
immature thymocytes that express neither CD4 nor CD8 co-receptors, <10% of population in thymus
90% of all T cell wanna-bes will not mature past this phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
immature thymocytes that express both CD4 and CD8 co-receptors
85-90% of population in thymus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mature T cells that express either CD4 or CD8 co-receptor, but not both
10% of population in thymus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
has not encountered antigens (MHC-peptide complexes) in the periphery
both cytotoxic and helper cells start this way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T cells that can function by killing or producing cytokines
cytotoxic or helper |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antigen-specific T cells that persist long after the antigen is cleared from body
can generate new effector cells after secondary exposure to antigen
cytotoxic or helper |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adhesion molecules expressed on T cells
helps to guide naive T cells to 2* lymphoid tissue
facilitate adhesive interactions between T cell and APCs
ICAM - inter-cellular adhesion molecule
LFA - lymphocyte function-associated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tolerance mechanism in whieh the lymphocyte is intrinsically functionally inactived following an antigen enounter, but remains alive for extended period of time in hyporesponsive state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
expressed by APCs in the presence of an infection
required for proper activation of naive T cell and for synthesis and secretion of T-cell growth factor IL-2 and its high affinity receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IL-2 high-affinity-receptor deficiency
many cytokines use this receptor
results in immunodeficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| autoimmune disease due to loss of regulatory T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T cell growth factor secreted by activated T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
differentiate into specialized subsets one the immune response initiates
class depends on pathogen |
|
|
Term
| cytotoxic T lymphocytes (TLCs) |
|
Definition
kill virus-infected cell, tumor cell and any other target cells presenting peptides with MHC-I
only need TCR signal to kill targetcell
killing mediated by lytic granules that are secreted upon TCR engagement or by FasL-Fas interaction
only kill the infected cells
requires help from CD4 T cell to become fully activated CTLs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
molecule in CTL lytic granules
forms pore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| serine proteases in CTL lytic granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
specialized protein in CTLs
prevetns cytotoxic proteins from killing CTL
expressed at surface of granule release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
FasL = CD59L, expressed on T cell
Fas = CD59, expressed on target cell
interaction between the two signals target cell to undergo apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immunity at a high enough level to protect an individual from infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory cells are protective for years rapid increase in antibody production and effector T cell activity upon 2* exposure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
induced expression by intracellular bacteria and viruses, some role in parasite response as well
activate macrophages to eliminate pathogens |
|
|
Term
| activation of macrophage by Th1 cell |
|
Definition
increases CD40 expression
increase TNF receptor and secretion of TNF-alpha (synergize with IFN-gamma for more activation)
production of NO and oxygen radicals --> microbicidal
up-regulate MHC-II and I and B7 --> activate naive T cells |
|
|
Term
| signals from Th1 cells, protective |
|
Definition
IFN-gamma and CD40L - activate macrophage
FasL and TNF-beta - kills chronic infected macrophages
IL-2 - induces T cell proliferation
IL3 and GM-CSF - induces phage differentiation on marrow
TNF-alpha and TNF-beta - activates endothelium to attract macrophages
CXCL2 - accumulation of macrophages at infection site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fight parasitic worms, esp. helminths
involved in allergic response |
|
|
Term
| allergic respone, Th2 cell role |
|
Definition
secrete IL-4 that promotes IgE production by B cells
IgE then binds to mast cells and mediates allergic immune response |
|
|
Term
| Th2 cell signals to fight parasite |
|
Definition
IL-13 - epithelial repair and increases turnover to shed parasite
IL-13 - mucus production to prevent adherence and shed parasite
IL-5 - recruits and activates eosinophils, mediates ADCC of parasite
IL-4 - induce IgE production, arm the eosinophils and mast cell to recognize parasite antigens
IL-3 and IL-9 - recruit mast cells that produce mediators that recruit inflammatory cells and remodel the mucosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
TCR and co-stim + IL-6+ IL-1/TGF-beta from APC
secretes IL-17
promotes neutrophil recruitment and tissue inflamation
defense against bacterial and fungal infections
can promote autoimmune disease like MS or arthritis |
|
|
Term
| Follicular helper T cells (Tfh) |
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Definition
TCR + co-stem + IL-6 + IL-21
helps B cells in germinal center to make high affinity antibody
critical for strong Ab response
"classic helper T cell"
can promote autoimmune antibody production if too numerous |
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Term
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Definition
TCR + co-stim + IL-4 + TGF-beta
help promote Th2 inflammatory respones
help promote growth of mast cells
allergic inflammation |
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Term
| T cell inhibiting cytokines |
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Definition
TGF-beta - inhibits activation
IL-10 - inhibits macrophage activation and expression of co-stimulator proteins |
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Term
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Definition
inhibitory receptor expressed by T cell after activation
deliver inhibitory singals to T cells
binds B7 and gives auto-negative-feedback
better than CD28 at binding B7 |
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Term
| AICD - activation-induced by cell death |
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Definition
Fas pathway
activation of T cell leads to FasL expression, results in death of neighboring T cells
prevents crowding of activated T cells
major mechanism of terminating immune response
helps eliminate self-reactive B and T cells in periphery |
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Term
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Definition
defective AICD, lack of Fas pathway
uncontrolled lymphoproliferation
lack of cell death in response to Fas pathway activation
huge lymph nodes and possible autoimmunity |
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Term
| regulatory T cells (Treg) |
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Definition
potent suppressive activity on immune response
derivatives of alpha-beta CD4 T cells
repress CTL and Th function
5-50% of peripheral CD4 T cells
produce IL-10, TGF-beta, IL-35 and granzyme B
**major role in maintenance of immune tolerance to self and control of autoimmunity |
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Term
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Definition
transcription factor that is critical for T-reg function
unique TF to T-reg |
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Term
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Definition
lack of T-reg cells by mutation in FoxP3
severe, progressive, fatal autoimmune disease
Immunodysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, Enteropathy, X-linked |
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Term
| T-reg augmentation treatment |
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Definition
allergic disease
organ transplantation
autoimmune disease |
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Term
| T-reg suppression treatment |
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Definition
cancer (booth anti-tumor immune reponse)
immunodeficiency
severe infections |
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