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| unethical behavior meets all of these criteria: |
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Definition
Self-serving (selfish)
Insensitive
Harmful to someone |
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| the standards of behavior by which people are judged in their relationships with others (usually in terms of evaluating behavior as right v. wrong; fair v. unfair; good v. bad; etc.) |
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| the system of beliefs that supports one’s particular view of morality (e.g., religious; work ethic; ethic of care; parental “rules”; role models; influential readings; etc.) |
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| behavior that is actually occurring; what one has come to expect in a given context (NOT what it should be, but what it IS). For example, in a high pressure work environment, you’d expect people to look and feel tense (the norm in that setting) |
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| what should be occurring – not what IS occurring, but rather the behaviors that most would prefer in a given context. |
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| all who impact – or are impacted by – an organization. Can be non-human entities as well (e.g., community, the environment, local culture). |
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| using 3 or more different methods to analyze any complex issue. With ethic-related issues, ideally using at least one consequentialist framework (e.g., outcomes-based framework like Utilitarianism) and at least one deontological one (e.g., duty-based / obligation-based frameworks like those of Kant and Rawls; empathy, rights, responsibilities, etc.) |
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| Assumption - Humans have 2 primary instincts: |
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Definition
1)self-interest (which tends to be the dominant instinct driving behavior)
2)helping others (subordinate to self-interest , but often will impact behavior in most – think about parents and grandparents!) |
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| What are the 2 major tests of business? |
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Definition
1)Legality
2)Profitability |
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Term
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Definition
1)concerned excessively or exclusively with oneself : seeking or concentrating on one's own advantage, pleasure, or well-being without regard for others
2)arising from concern with one's own welfare or advantage in disregard of others (a selfish act) |
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Term
| what are the 4 unconscious biases? |
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Definition
1) Implicit prejudices
2) In-group favoritism
3) Overclaiming credit
4) Conflicts of interest |
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| (bias due to unconscious beliefs) |
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| (bias that favors your group) |
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| (bias that favors those who can benefit you) |
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| products of ethical reputation |
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Definition
High trust
Higher productivity
Long-term loyalty |
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Term
| outcomes of ethical behavior? |
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Definition
-Stronger relationships (with both internal & external ‘stakeholders’)
-Faster transactions
-Fewer legal fees AND stay ahead of changes in law / regulations
-Ethical behavior -> trust -> greater commitment -> effort -> productivity!!
-Lower turnover |
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Term
| what are the JLORD principles? |
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Definition
| justice, liberty, opportunity, respect, and dignity |
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Term
| Universal First Principle |
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Definition
| Members of a group bear some form of responsibility for the well-being of other members of their group.” Otherwise, life would be “selfish, nasty, brutal, uncivilized, & short” 1 |
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| what are the 8 key ethical lenses? |
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Definition
Character
Empathy
Liberty
Fairness
Rights
Outcomes
Authority
Responsibilities |
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| how would I respond if I cared deeply about those involved? |
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| how can I act equitably and balance all interests? |
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| what actions will help me become my ideal self, a person with admirable virtues? |
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| what principles of freedom and personal autonomy apply? |
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| what rights (e.g., innate, legal, social) apply? |
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| what duties and obligations apply? |
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| what are the short-term and long-term outcomes of possible actions? |
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Definition
| what do legitimate authorities (e.g., experts, law, my god[s]) expect of me? |
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Definition
| Ethics focused on Outcomes/Results |
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Term
| List the 3 types of "consequentialism" frameworks |
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Definition
1)Utilitarianism
2)Altruism
3)Egoism |
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Term
| what is the most widely accepted of the 3 consequentialist frameworks? |
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Definition
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Term
| Utilitarianism (aka ‘Utilitarian Benefits’); same def. as SOFT util. |
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Definition
| a ‘Consequentialist’ theory focused on ends, NOT means. Often reduced to “take any action that results in the greatest good for the greatest number” [Primary thought leaders: Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, & others] |
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Term
| key features of a utilitarianism? |
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Definition
-maximizing utility (usefulness; satisfaction; happiness) for the greatest number
-the morality of outcomes/ends (not actions, means, process, intent) (with Util, ‘immoral means’ can be used as long as the outcomes are deemed moral)
-often a ‘cost/benefit calculation’ |
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Definition
| Reduce selfishness and instead focus on achieving outcomes that do the greatest good for the greatest number (Note: some may get harmed but most should benefit) |
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Term
| problems w/Utilitarianism |
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Definition
-Fails to consider the ‘how’ (process, means)
-Fails to consider the severity & impact of those harmed (‘Util Monster’ and ‘Util Sacrifice’)
-‘immoral means’ to achieve ‘moral ends’ – want to be on the receiving end of such means?
-How should benefits and harms be measured and distributed?
-Who should be in the ‘greatest number’ and who shouldn’t? |
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Term
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Definition
| placing $ amount on a cost/benefit calculation (think Ford Pinto case-$ amount of life) |
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Definition
| adds the qualifier – only take this action when the total benefit is greater than any other action |
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Definition
| An act is recommended if net happiness occurs (or the greater good is served) |
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Definition
| Net happiness occurs (or the greater good is served) when certain rules are followed (e.g., never steal) |
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Definition
| Doing whatever brings the most benefit to others (not necessarily to self) |
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| Doing whatever brings ME the most benefit (while not breaking any laws) |
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| conscious; reasoning; deliberate; serial; new systems; verbal |
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| unconscious/semi-conscious; intuitive; instinctive; automatic; parallel; old systems; non-verbal |
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Definition
| Moral judgments were thought to be made by the head (the ‘rider’), not the heart/gut. |
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Definition
| Moral Judgments rarely appear to be the result of a careful, logical, reasoned processes …(oh no!), but rather the result of largely (think elephant) intuitive, emotional, automatic, instinctive, socially influenced, and selfish-biased processes. |
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Term
| what are the 3 levels of Kohlberg's stages of moral maturity? |
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Definition
1) Pre-conventional
2) Conventional
3) Post-conventional |
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Definition
| (Morality judged solely by direct consequences; egocentric focus on self) |
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| (Morality judged by conformity to expectations & rules; little to no questioning of such ‘rules’; behavior based on comparison) |
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Definition
(Morality judged by rights & principles, NOT by conformity)
REQUIRES COURAGE |
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Term
| 6 stages of moral maturity? |
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Definition
--Stage 1: Obedience and punishment orientation
--Stage 2: Self-interest orientation
--Stage 3: Interpersonal accord and conformity
--Stage 4: Conformity to authority, rules, laws (necessary for maintaining social-order)
--Stage 5: Social contract orientation; Rights & democratically changed laws
--Stage 6: Universal ethical principles-- |
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Term
| Stage 1: Obedience and punishment orientation |
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Definition
| Morality based on not getting punished (“If I get punished, I must have behaved immorally”) |
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Term
| Stage 2: Self-interest orientation |
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Definition
| Morality based on whatever is best for me. Interest in others is only to get something in return (reciprocity). |
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Term
| Stage 3: Interpersonal accord and conformity |
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Definition
| Morality based on conforming to those in one’s social group (includes family, friends… but not ‘society’); ‘good boy, good girl’ |
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Term
| Stage 4: Conformity to authority, rules, laws (necessary for maintaining social-order) |
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Definition
| Morality based on conformity to authority (those who enforce rules) and to societal rules (laws, norms) |
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Term
| Stage 5: Social contract orientation; Rights & democratically changed laws |
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Definition
| Morality based on proactively (and democratically) changing laws to ensure “the common good” |
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Term
| Stage 6: Universal ethical principles |
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Definition
| Morality based on justice and in a firm belief in what is ‘right’ – even if it means disobeying current laws. |
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Term
| What are ethics' 2 big 'camps' |
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Definition
| Consequentialism & Deontology |
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Term
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Definition
-the consequences (ends, outcomes) of one's conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness (morality) of that conduct.
-a morally right act (or omission) is one that will produce a good outcome, or consequence; does not focus on the behaviors (or means) to achieve outcomes. |
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Term
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Definition
-judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to rules (formal or informal).
-Deontologists care most about the rules, duties, obligations, and sensitivity to the means (processes/behaviors) used; not focused on moral outcomes. |
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