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mgmt
mgmt
142
Management
Undergraduate 3
08/30/2011
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Term
structure
 Definition
defines the formal relationship and use of people in organizations. To accomplish all of an organization's activities, different jobs are required, such as managers, employees and accountants.
Term
enviornments
 Definition
can be internal or external, and all organizations operate within them. Some examples are government, family and other organizations.
Term
interdisciplinary nature
 Definition
integrates the behavioral sciences with other social sciences that can contribute to the subject.
Term
evidence-based management
 Definition
asks managers to set aside some of the tings they think they know (conventional wisdom) and become totally committed to a rigorous collection of facts and combine these with relevant research.
Term
law of individual differences
 Definition
each person is different from all others.
Term
systems approach
 Definition
managers need to interpret people- organization relationships in terms of the whole group, organization and social system.
Term
practice
 Definition
conscious application of conceptual models and research results in order to improve individual and organizational performance at work.
Term
evidence based management
 Definition
asks managers to set aside some of the things they think they know (conventional wisdom) and become totally committed to a rigorous collection of facts and combine these with relevant research.
Term
elements of moral intelligence
 Definition
integrity, responsibility, compassion and forgiveness
Term
human resources approach
 Definition
is developmental. It is concerned with the growth and development of people toward higher levels of competency, creativity, and fulfillment, because people are the central resource in any organization and any society.
Term
supportive approach
 Definition
another name for the human resources approach, because the manager's primary role changes from control of employees to active support of their growth and performance.
Term
contingency approach
 Definition
different variables may require different behavioral approaches.
Term
results orientation
 Definition
common thread woven through organizational behavior.
Term
productivity
 Definition
is a ratio that compares units of ouput with units of input, often against a predetermined standard.
Term
abilities
 Definition
can be improved through hiring better workers.
Term
motivation
 Definition
results from a person's attitudes reacting in a specific situation
Term
cost benefit analysis
 Definition
is needed to determine whether potential actions will have a net positive or net negative effect
Term
behavioral bias
 Definition
gives a narrow viewpoint that emphasizes satisfying employee experiences while overlooking the broader system of the organization in relation to all its publics.
Term
concern for employees
 Definition
can be so greatly ovrdone that the original purpose of bringing people together is lost.
Term
what should sound org behavior do?
 Definition
it should help achieve organizational purposes, not replace them.
Term
law of diminishing returns
 Definition
overemphasis on a valid organiztional behavior practice produce negative results
Term
ethical leadership should recognize
 Definition
social responsibility, open communication, and cost-benefit analysis
Term
key elements of organization
 Definition
people, structure, technology and the external environment.
Term
structure
 Definition
defines the formal relationship and use of people in organizations. To accomplish all of an organization's activities, different jobs are required, such as managers, employees and accountants.
Term
enviornments
 Definition
can be internal or external, and all organizations operate within them. Some examples are government, family and other organizations.
Term
interdisciplinary nature
 Definition
integrates the behavioral sciences with other social sciences that can contribute to the subject.
Term
evidence-based management
 Definition
asks managers to set aside some of the tings they think they know (conventional wisdom) and become totally committed to a rigorous collection of facts and combine these with relevant research.
Term
law of individual differences
 Definition
each person is different from all others.
Term
systems approach
 Definition
managers need to interpret people- organization relationships in terms of the whole group, organization and social system.
Term
practice
 Definition
conscious application of conceptual models and research results in order to improve individual and organizational performance at work.
Term
evidence based management
 Definition
asks managers to set aside some of the things they think they know (conventional wisdom) and become totally committed to a rigorous collection of facts and combine these with relevant research.
Term
elements of moral intelligence
 Definition
integrity, responsibility, compassion and forgiveness
Term
human resources approach
 Definition
is developmental. It is concerned with the growth and development of people toward higher levels of competency, creativity, and fulfillment, because people are the central resource in any organization and any society.
Term
supportive approach
 Definition
another name for the human resources approach, because the manager's primary role changes from control of employees to active support of their growth and performance.
Term
contingency approach
 Definition
different variables may require different behavioral approaches.
Term
results orientation
 Definition
common thread woven through organizational behavior.
Term
productivity
 Definition
is a ratio that compares units of ouput with units of input, often against a predetermined standard.
Term
abilities
 Definition
can be improved through hiring better workers.
Term
motivation
 Definition
results from a person's attitudes reacting in a specific situation
Term
cost benefit analysis
 Definition
is needed to determine whether potential actions will have a net positive or net negative effect
Term
behavioral bias
 Definition
gives a narrow viewpoint that emphasizes satisfying employee experiences while overlooking the broader system of the organization in relation to all its publics.
Term
concern for employees
 Definition
can be so greatly ovrdone that the original purpose of bringing people together is lost.
Term
what should sound org behavior do?
 Definition
it should help achieve organizational purposes, not replace them.
Term
law of diminishing returns
 Definition
overemphasis on a valid organiztional behavior practice produce negative results
Term
ethical leadership should recognize
 Definition
social responsibility, open communication, and cost-benefit analysis
Term
key elements of organization
 Definition
people, structure, technology and the external environment.
Term
paradigms
 Definition
frameworks of possible explanations about how things work.
Term
managerial paradigms
 Definition
influence managerial perceptions of the world around them.
Term
micromanagement
 Definition
immersion of a manager into the controlling the details of daily operations
Term
custodial model
 Definition
managerial view that security needs are dominant among employees. Looks to security needs as a motivating force.
Term
supportive model
 Definition
managerial view that leaders should support employees in their attempts to grow in their jobs and to perform them well.
Term
Collegial Model
 Definition
relates to a body of people working together cooperatively.
Term
system model
 Definition
result of a strong search for higher meaning at work by many of today's employees; they want much more than just a paycheck and job security from their jobs.
Term
social intelligence
 Definition
strategic social awareness for managers
Term
empathy
 Definition
appreciation for, and connectedness with others.
Term
presenece
 Definition
protecting self worth in one's bearing
Term
situation radar
 Definition
ability to read social situations and respond appropriately
Term
clarity
 Definition
using language effectively to explain and persuade
Term
psychological ownership
 Definition
feeling of possessiveness, responsibility, identity, and sense of belongingness.
Term
communication
 Definition
the ever present activity by which people relate to one another and combine their efforts, and is necessary to perpetuate the health of the organization.
Term
two-way communication process
 Definition
method by which a sender reaches a receiver with a message.
Term
Steps of communication
 Definition
develop idea, encode, transmit. receiver, receive, decode, accept use.
Term
develop idea
 Definition
the idea that sender wishes to transmit. This is the key step, b/c unless there is a wortwhile message, all the other steps are useless.
Term
encode
 Definition
convert the idea into suitable words, charts, or other symbols for transmission. At this point, the sender determines the method of transmission so that the words and symbols may be organized in suitable fashion.
Term
framing
 Definition
uses rich, colorful, carefully selected language to shape the perceptions of recipients. The sender of communication attempts to frame an issue by placing it in a particular context or background to manage the meaning in the way it was intended.
Term
transmit
 Definition
transfer the message by memo, phone call or personal visit.
Term
receive
 Definition
transmission allows another person to receive a message, which is step 4.
Term
decode
 Definition
convert message so it can be understood. Understanding can only occur in a reciever's mind. A communicator may make others listen, but can not make them understand.
Term
Accept
 Definition
once the receiver has obtained and decoded a message, the person has the opportunity to accept or reject it.
Term
Use
 Definition
for the receiver to use the info. The receiver may discard it, erform the task as directed, store info for the future, or do something.
Term
cognitive dissonance
 Definition
the internal conflict and anxiety that occurs when people receive information incompatible with their value systems, prior decisions or other info they may have.
Term
face saving
 Definition
an attempt to preserve or even enhance our valued self concept when it is attacked
Term
personal barriers
 Definition
are communication interferences that arise from human emotions, values and poor listening habits. They may also stem from differences in education, race, sex, socioeconomic status, and other factors.
Term
psychological distance
 Definition
a feeling of being emotionally separated-between people that is similar to actual distance.
Term
physical barriers
 Definition
are communication interferences that occur in the environment in which the communication takes place. Ex. distracting noise that drowns out voice message, distances between people, walls around a worker's cubicle, or static that interferes with radio messages.
Term
poxemics
 Definition
involves the exploration of different practices and feelings about interpersonal space within and across cultures
Term
semantics
 Definition
sicence of meaning, as contrasted with phonetics, the science of sounds.
Term
semantic barriers
 Definition
arise from limitations in the symbols with which we communicate Ex. sometimes we misunderstand when people are joking, in reality they are being serious.
Term
credibility gap
 Definition
based on three factors trustworthiness, expertise, and dynamism
Term
downward communication
 Definition
an organization is the flow of information from hgher to lower levels of authority. Almost half of managerial communications are with subordinates, with the remainder divided among superiors, peers and external recipients.
Term
communication overload
 Definition
employees receive more communication inputs than they can process or more than they need. The keys to better communication are timing and quality not quantity.
Term
performance feedback
 Definition
leads to both improved performance and improved attitudes.
Term
feedback seeking behavior
 Definition
in which they search for infor about their prior performance and possible areas of improvement.
Term
social support
 Definition
the perception that they are cared for, esteemed, and valued.
Term
upward communication
 Definition
management loses touch with employee needs and lacks sufficient info to make sound decisions.
Term
organizational silence
 Definition
the conscious or unconscious withholding of info about potential problems or issues on the part of employees.
Term
lateral communication
 Definition
communication across chains of command.
Term
boundary spanners
 Definition
employees with strong communication links within their department, with people in other units, and often with the external community.
Term
social equilibrium
 Definition
when its interdependent parts are in dynamic working balance. It is a dynamic concept, not a static one.
Term
exchange theory
 Definition
suggests that whenever a continuing relationship exists between two parties, each person regularly examines the rewards and costs of that interaction.
Term
social culture
 Definition
the environment of human created beliefs, customs, knowledge and practices. Ex. the food you eat, the car you drive, the drama you attend and the organzation that employs you are evidence of your social culture.
Term
cultural diversity
 Definition
rich variety of differences among people at work, raises the issue of fair treatment for workers who are not in positions of authority.
Term
discrimination
 Definition
exhibited as an action towards certain groups
Term
prejudice
 Definition
is an attitude towards certain groups.
Term
social responsibility
 Definition
is the recognition that organizations have significant influence on the nation's social system and this influence must be properly considered and balance in all organization actions.
Term
mentors
 Definition
a role model who guides another employee by sharing valuable advice on roles to play and behaviors to avoid. They teach, advise, coach, support, encourage and act as sounding boards.
Term
role conflict
 Definition
when others have different perceptions or exceptions of a person's role.
Term
role ambiguity
 Definition
when roles are inadequately defined or substantially unknown.
Term
status deprivation
 Definition
people become quite responsible in order to protect and develop their status.
Term
status symbols
 Definition
the visible external things that attach to a person or workplace and serve as evidence of social rank.
Term
organizational culture
 Definition
the set of assumptions, beliefs, values, and norms shared by an organization's members.
Term
orgnaizational socialization
 Definition
the continous process of transmitting key elements of an organization's culture to its employees. It consists of both formal methods and informal means.
Term
signature experiences
 Definition
are clearly defined and dramatic devices that convey a key element of the firm's culture and vividly reinforce the values of the organization.
Term
work motivation
 Definition
the result of a set of internal and external forces that cause an employee to choose an appropriate course of action and engage in certain behaviors.
Term
engagement
 Definition
the degree of enthusiasm, initiative, and effort put forth by employees.
Term
commitment
 Definition
the degree to which employees bond with the organization and exhibit acts of organizational citizenship
Term
satisfaction
 Definition
is a reflection of the fulfillment of the psychological contract and met expectations at work
Term
turnover
 Definition
the loss of valued employees
Term
drives
 Definition
strong desires for something as a product of the cultural environment in which they live.
Term
achievement motivation
 Definition
a drive some people have to pursue and attain challenging goals.
Term
affliation motivation
 Definition
is a drive to relate to people on a social basis-to work with compatible people and experience a sense of community.
Term
institutional power
 Definition
the need to influence others' behavior for the good of the whole organization. People with this need seek power through legitimate means, rise to leadership positions through successful performance, and therefore are accepted by others.
Term
power motivation
 Definition
the drive to influence people, take control and change situations.
Term
primary needs
 Definition
include food, water,s ex, sleep, air; basic needs.
Term
secondary needs
 Definition
social and psychological needs. Ex. self esteem, sense of duty, competitiveness, belongingness, self assertion and giving or receiving affection
Term
hierarchy of needs
 Definition
identifies and focuses attention on five levels (self actualization, esteem and status needs, belonging and social needs, safety and security needs, and physiological needs)
Term
lower order needs
 Definition
physiological, safety and security needs.
Term
higher order needs
 Definition
third level of hierarchy concens love, belonging, and social involvement at work
Term
self actualization
 Definition
an ongoing process of becoming all that one is capable of becoming, using one's skills to the fullest, having a rich combination of values and purpose, and stretching talents to the maximum.
Term
job content
 Definition
conditions that relate directly to the job itself and the employee's performance of it, rather than conditions in the environment external to the job.
Term
job context
 Definition
job conditions in the environment surrounding the job, rather than those directly related to the job performance.
Term
relatedness needs
 Definition
being understood and accepted by people above, below, and aroudn the employee at work and away from it.
Term
growth needs
 Definition
involve the desire for both self esteem and actualization
Term
extrinsic motivators
 Definition
are external rewards that occur apart from the nature of work, providing no direct satisfaction at the time the work is performed.
Term
organizational behavior modification
 Definition
the applicaition in organizations of the principles of behavior modification, which evolved from the work of B.F. skinner.
Term
law of effect
 Definition
states tthat a person tends to repeat behavior that is accompanied by favorable consequences and tends not to repeat behavior that is accompanied by unfavorable consequences.
Term
social learning
 Definition
known as vicarious learning. This suggests that employees do not always have to learn directly from their own experiences. Instead they may and even are likely to learn by observing the actions of others, understanding the consequences that others are experiencing and using it to modify behavior.
Term
extinction
 Definition
the whithholding of significant positive consequences that were previously provided for a desirable behavior.
Term
continous reinforcement
 Definition
occurs when reinforcement accompanies each correct behavior by an employee.
Term
goals
 Definition
are targets and objectives for future performances. They help focus employees' attention on items of greater importance to the organization, encourage better planning for the allocation of critical resources.
Term
goal setting
 Definition
works as a motivational process because it creates a discrepancy between current and expected performance.
Term
self efficacy
 Definition
an internal belief regarding one's job related capabilities and competencies.
Term
performance monitoring
 Definition
observing behavior, inspecting output or studying performance indicators.
Term
valence
 Definition
refers to the strength of a person's preference for receiving a reward.
Term
expectancy model
 Definition
developed by Victo H. Vroom explains that motivation is a product of three factors how much one wants (valence), one's estimate of the probability that effort will result and one's estimate will result in receiving the reward (instrumentality)
Term
instrumentality
 Definition
represents the employees belief that areward will be received once the task is accomplished.
Term
equity senstivity
 Definition
suggessts individuals have different preferences for equtiy.
Term
procedural justice
 Definition
approach to motivation, which focuses on two elements-interpersonal treatment and clarity of explanations.
Term
organizational behavior
 Definition
is the systematic study and careful application of knowledge about how people-as idividuals and as groups-act within organizations.
Term
goals of organizational behavior
 Definition
describe, understand, predict and control human behavior at work.
Term
theories
 Definition
offer explanations of how and why people think, feel and act as they do.
Term
good theories
 Definition
are practical they address significant behavioral issues, they contribute to our understanding and they provide guidelines for managerial thought and action.
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