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Mgmt & Org Final
Final Exam
203
Management
Undergraduate 4
05/08/2013

Additional Management Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Management
Definition
The planning, organizing, leading, and controlling of human and other resources to achieve organizational goals effectively and efficiently
Term
Organization
Definition
Collections of people who work together and coordinate their actions to achieve a wide variety of goals
Term
Organizations: Common Characteristics
Definition
Distinct purpose, people working together and a deliberate systematic structure
Term
Effectiveness
Definition
Achieving Organizational Goals
Term
Efficiency
Definition

 

Achieving goals with minimal waste of money, time, materials, and people
Term
Low Efficiency/High Effectiveness
Definition
Manager chooses the right goals to pursue, but does a poor job of using resources to achieve its goals
Term
High efficiency/High effectiveness
Definition
Manager chooses the right goals to pursue and makes good use of resources to achieve these goals.
Term
Low efficiency/Low effectiveness
Definition
Manager chooses the wrong goals to pursue and makes poor use of resources.
Term
High efficiency/Low effectiveness
Definition
Manger chooses wrong goals, but makes good use of recources to achieve these goals.
Term
4 components of Management
Definition
Planning, Organizing, Leading, Controlling
Term
Planning
Definition
Choosing appropriate organizational goals and courses of action to best achieve those goals.
Term
Organizing
Definition
Establish task and authority relationships that allow people to work together to achieve organizational goals.
Term
Leading
Definition
Motivate, coordinate and energize individuals and groups to work together to achieve organizational goals.
Term
Controlling
Definition
Establish accurate measuring and monitoring systems to evaluate how well the organization has achieved its goals.
Term
First-line manager
Definition

Responsible for the daily supervision of nonmanagerial employees

(Primarily Lead)

Term
Middle Manager
Definition
Supervises first-line managers and is responsible for finding the best way to use resources to achieve organizational goals
Term
Top Manager
Definition

 

Establishes organizational goals, decides how departments should interact, and monitors the performance of middle managers
(Primarily Plan)
Term
Levels of Managers
Definition
CEO, Top Managers, Middle Managers, First-line Managers
Term
Conceptual Skills
Definition
Ability to analyze and diagnose a situation and distinguish between cause and effect
Term
Human Skills
Definition
Ability to understand, alter, lead, and control the behavior of other individuals and groups
Term
Technical Skills
Definition
The job-specific knowledge and techniques required to perform an organizational role
Term
Core Competency
Definition
Specific set of skills, abilities, and experiences that allows one organization to outperform its competitors
Term
Personality
Definition
Enduring tendencies to feel, think, and act in certain ways that can be used to describe the personality of every individual
Term
5 Big personality traits
Definition
Extraversion, Negative affectivity, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness to experience
Term
Extraversion
Definition

Tendency to experience positive emotions and moods and feel good about oneself and the rest of the world

(Managers with high extraversion tend to be sociable and friendly. Managers with low have a less positive outlook)

 

Term
Negative affectivity
Definition
Tendency to experience negative emotions and moods, feel distressed, and be critical of oneself and others
Term
Agreeableness
Definition

Tendency to get along well with others

( Managers with low agreeableness may be distrustful, unsympathetic, uncooperative and antagonistic)

Term
Conscientiousness
Definition

Tendency to be careful, scrupulous, and persevering

(Managers high in this trait are organized and self-disciplined/Managers low in this trait lack direction and self-discipline)

 

 

 

Term
Openness to experience
Definition
Tendency to be original, have broad interests, be open to a wide range of stimuli, be daring and take risks
Term
Values
Definition
Describe what managers try to achieve through work and how they think they should behave
Term
Attitudes
Definition
Capture managers’ thoughts and feelings about their specific jobs and organizations
Term
Moods and Emotions
Definition
Encompass how managers actually feel when they are managing
Term
Terminal Values
Definition
Lifelong goals or objectives that an individual seeks to achieve
Term
Instrumental Values
Definition
Mode of conduct that an individual seeks to follow
Term
Value System
Definition
Terminal and instrumental values that are guiding principles in an individual’s life 
Term
Job Satisfaction
Definition
Collection of feelings and beliefs that managers have about their current jobs
Term
Organizational Citizenship Behaviors
Definition
Behaviors that are not required of organizational members but that contribute to and are necessary for organizational efficiency, effectiveness, and gaining a competitive advantage
Term
Organizational Commitment
Definition
Collection of feelings and beliefs that managers have about their organization as a whole
Term
Emotional Intelligence
Definition

 

Ability to understand and manage one’s own moods and emotions and the moods and emotions of other people
Term
Organizational Culture
Definition
Shared set of beliefs, expectations, values, norms, and work routines that influence how individuals, groups, and teams interact with one another and cooperate to achieve organizational goals
Term
Attraction-seclection-attrition framework
Definition
Model that explains how personality may influence organizational culture
Term
Organizational Culture
Definition
Values of founder, socialization, Ceremonies and rites, Stories and language
Term
Global Environment
Definition
Set of global forces and conditions that operate beyond an organization’s boundaries but affect a manager’s ability to acquire and utilize resources
Term
Task Environment
Definition
Set of forces and conditions that originate with suppliers, distributors, customers, and competitors and affect an organization’s ability to obtain inputs and dispose of its outputs because they influence managers daily
Term
General Environment
Definition
Wide-ranging global, economic, technological, sociocultural, demographic, political, and legal forces that affect an organization and its task environment
Term
Globalization
Definition
Set of specific and general forces that work together to integrate and connect economic, political, and social systems
Term
Globalization
Definition
Interlinking countries, cultures, or geographic regions
Term
Globalization
Definition
Nations and people become increasingly interdependent and similar
Term
Economic advances associated with globalization
Definition
Human, Financial, Resource, Political
Term
Declining barriers of distance and culture
Definition
Revolutionary developments in satellites, digital technology, the Internet and global computer networks, and video teleconferencing make communication reliable, secure, and instantaneous
Term
Declining barriers of Distance and Culture
Definition

 

Advances in communications and transportation technology has reduced the barriers of distance and culture
Term
National Culture and Global Management
Definition

 

Management practices that are effective in one culture might be troublesome in another
Term
National Culture and Global Management
Definition

 

Managers must be sensitive to the value systems and norms of an individual’s country and behave accordingly
Term
National Culture and Global Management
Definition

 

Culturally diverse management team can be a source of strength for an organization
Term
Decision Making
Definition

 

Process by which managers respond to opportunities and threats by analyzing options, and making determinations about specific organizational goals and courses of action
Term

Decision Making Process

 

Definition
  1. Identifying and diagnosing the problem
  2. Generating alternative solutions
  3. Evaluating alternative solutions
  4. Making the choice
  5. Implementing the decision
  6. Evaluating the decision
Term
Why managers avoid making decisions
Definition
Managers can't be sure how much time, energy or trouble lies ahead; Getting involved is risky. Tackling a problem but failing to solve it can hurt a manager's track record; It is easier to procrastinate or get busy with less damanding activities
Term
Certain Decision Environments
Definition
Exist when information is sufficient to predict the results of each alternative in advance of implementation
Term
Risky Decision Environments
Definition
Exist when decision makers lack complete certainty regarding the outcomes of various courses of action, but they are aware of the probabilities associated with their occurrence
Term
Uncertain Decision Environments
Definition
Exist when managers have so little information on hand that they cannot even assign probabilities to various alternatives and their possible outcomes 
Term
Uncertain environments
Definition
described as rapidly changing (External conditions, Information technology, people influencing conditions)
Term
Programmed Decisions
Definition

Programmed decisions usually involve routine or recurring problems or opportunities

(Low Risk)

Term
Non-programmed Decisions
Definition

Non-programmed decisions are decisions for which there is no pre-specified course of action

(Requires extra info, uncertainty is high, decisions made by managers)

Term
Classical Model of Decision Making
Definition
Prescriptive model that assumes the decision maker can identify and evaluate all possible alternatives and their consequences and rationally choose the most appropriate course of action
Term
Optimum Decision
Definition
Most appropriate decision in light of what managers believe to be the most desirable consequences for the organization
Term
The Classical Model of Decision Making
Definition
List all the alternative courses of action possible and the consequences of the different alternatives.  Rank each alternative from least preferred to most preferred according to personal preferences.  Select the alternative that leads to desired future consequences.
Term
Bounded Rationality
Definition
The idea that in decision-making, rationality of individuals is limited by the information they have, the cognitive limitations of their minds, and the finite amount of time they have to make a decision.
Term
The Administrative Model of Decision Making
Definition
An approach to decision making that explains why decision making is inherently uncertain and risky and why managers usually make satisfactory rather than optimum decisions
Term
Satisficing
Definition
Searching for and choosing an acceptable, or satisfactory response to problems and opportunities, rather than trying to make the best decision
Term
Incomplete Information
Definition
Uncertainty and Risk, Ambiguous Information, Time constraints and Information cost
Term
Ambiguous Information
Definition
Information that can be interpreted in multiple and often conflicting ways
Term
6 Step Decision Making Process
Definition

Step 1: Recognize the need for a decision

Step 2: Generate alternatives

Step 3: Assess alternatives

Step 4: Choose among alternatives

Step 5: Implement the chosen alternative

Step 6: Learn from feedback

Term
Group Decision Making Advantages
Definition
Larger pool of information, More perspectives and approaches, Intellectual stimulation, People understand the decision, People are committed to the decision
Term
Group Decision Making Disadvantages
Definition
One person dominates, Satisficing, Groupthink, Goal displacement
Term
Why is planning the pimary management function?
Definition
establishes the basis for all the other things managers do
Term
Planning
Definition
The formal process of choosing an organizational mission and overall goals for both the short run and long run; devising divisional, departmental and even individual goals based on the organizational goals; formulating strategies and tactics to achieve those goals; and allocating resources to achieve the various goals, strategies and tactics
Term
Planning
Definition
Identifying and selecting appropriate goals and courses of action for an organization
Term
Strategy
Definition
A cluster of decisions about what goals to pursue, what goals to pursue, what actions to take, and how to use resources to achieve goals
Term
Mission Statement
Definition
Broad declaration of an organization’s purpose that identifies the organization’s products and customers and distinguishes the organization from its competitors
Term
3 steps in planning
Definition
Determining the organizations mission and goals, formulating a strategy, implementing strategy
Term
Determining the organizations mission and goals
Definition
Define the business establish major goals
Term
Formulating a strategy
Definition
Analyze current situation and develope strategy
Term
Implementing Strategy
Definition
Allocate resources and responsibilites to achieve strategies
Term

Nature of Planning Process

(3 actions)

Definition

1. Establish and discover where an organization is at the present time.

2. Determine where it should be in the future, its desired future state

3. Decide how to move it forward to reach the future state

Term
Why Planning is Important
Definition
Planning is necessary to give the organization a sense of direction and purpose
Term
Why Planning is Important
Definition

 

Planning is a useful way of getting managers to participate in decision making about the appropriate goals and strategies for an organization
Term
Why Planning is Important
Definition
A plan helps coordinate managers of the different functions and divisions of an organization to ensure that they all pull in the same direction and work to achieve its desired future state
Term
Why Planning is Important
Definition
A plan can be used as a device for controlling managers within an organization
Term
Criticisms of Formal Planning
Definition

1. Planning may create rigidity

2. Formal plans can't replace intuition and creativity

3. Planning focuses managers' attention on today's competition, not tomorrows survival

4. Formal planning reinforces succes, which may lead to failure

Term
Levels and types of Planning
Definition

Levels: Corporate, Business, Functional

Plans: Mission and Goals, Strategy, Structure Control

Term
The Planning Process
Definition

Step 1: Situational analysis

Step 2: Alternative goals and plans using SMART goals

Step 3: Goal and plan evaluation

Step 4: Goal and plan selection

Step5: Implementation

Step 6: Monitor and control

Term
Rolling Plan
Definition
Corporate-or business-level plan that extends over several years; updated and amended every year to take account of changing conditions in the external environment
Term
Standing Plan
Definition
Used in situations when programmed decision making is appropriate; When the same situations occur repeatedly, managers develop policies, rules, and standard operating procedures (SOPs)
Term
Single-use plans
Definition
Developed to handle nonprogrammed decision making in unusual or one-of-a-kind situations
Term
Organization's Mission
Definition
Defining the business: Who are our customers? What customer needs are being satisfied? How are we satisfying customer needs?
Term
SWOT Analysis
Definition
A planning exercise to identify strengths and weaknesses inside an organization and opportunities and threats in the environment.
Term
The Five Forces Model
Definition
Helps managers focus on the five most important competitive forces, or potential threats, in the external environment
Term
The Five Forces Model
Definition

1. Level of rivalry among organizations in an industry

2. Potential for entry into an industry

3. Power of large suppliers

4. Power of large customers

5. Threat of substitue products

Term

Low-cost Strategy

(Business Level Strategy)

Definition
Driving the organization’s total costs down below the total costs of rivals
Term

Differentiation Strategy

(Business Level Strategy)

Definition
Distinguishing an organization’s products from the competitors’ products on dimensions such as product design, quality, or after-sales service
Term

Concentration on a single industry

(Corporate Level Strategy)

Definition
Reinvesting a company’s profits to strengthen its competitive position in its current industry
Term

Vertical Integration

(Corporate Level Strategy)

Definition
Expanding a company’s operations either backward into an industry that produces inputs for its products or forward into an industry that uses, distributes, or sells its products
Term
Diversification
Definition
Expanding a company’s business operations into a new industry in order to produce new kinds of valuable goods or services
Term
Related Diversification
Definition
Entering a new business or industry to create a competitive advantage in one or more of an organization’s existing divisions or businesses
Term
Unrelated Diversification
Definition
Entering a new industry or buying a company in a new industry that is not related in any way to an organization’s current businesses or industries
Term
Value Chain
Definition
the coordinated series or sequence of functional activities necessary to transform inputs into the finished goods or services customers value and want to buy
Term
Value Chain
Definition
Each functional activity along the chain adds value to the product or service when it lowers cost or gives the product differentiated qualities that increase the price a company can charge for it
Term
Value Chain Management
Definition
the development of a set of functional-level strategies that support a companies business-level strategy and strengthen an organizations’ competitive advantage
Term
Organizational Structure
Definition
Formal system of task and reporting relationships that coordinates and motivates organizational members so that they work together to achieve organizational goals
Term
Organizational Design
Definition
Process by which managers make specific organizing choices that result in a particular kind of organizational structure
Term
Factors Affecting Organizational Design
Definition
Organizational environment, Technology, Strategy, Human Resources
Term
Job Design
Definition
Managers decide how to divide tasks into specific jobs
Term
Job Simplification
Definition
Reducing the number of tasks that each worker performs
Term
Job Enlargement
Definition
Increasing the number of different tasks in a given job by changing the division of labor
Term
Job Enrichment
Definition
Increasing the degree of responsibility a worker has over a job
Term
Job Characteristics Model
Definition

Job charateristics = Psychological states = Outcomes

(Ex. Feedback = Knowledge of results of work = High satisfaction)

Term
Span of Control
Definition
The number of subordinates that report directly to a manager
Term
Line Manager
Definition
Someone in the direct line or chain of command who has formal authority over people and resources
Term
Staff Manager
Definition
Someone responsible for managing a specialist function, such as finance or marketing
Term
Hierarchy of Authority
Definition
Organization’s chain of command, specifying the relative authority of each manager
Term
Decentralizing Authority
Definition
Giving lower-level managers and nonmanagerial employees the right to make important decisions about how to use organizational resources
Term
Centralization Authority
Definition
Top managers must seek the balance between centralization and decentralization of authority
Term
Flat Organizational Hierarchy
Definition
3 levels in Hierarchy (organic structure)
Term
Tall Organizatinal Structure
Definition
7 levels in hierarchy (Mechanistic organizations)
Term
Strategic Alliance
Definition
An agreement in which managers pool or share firm’s resources and know-how with a foreign company and the two firms share in the rewards and risks of starting a new venture
Term
Network Structure
Definition
Series of strategic alliances that an organization creates with suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors to produce and market a product
Term
Outsource
Definition
To use outside suppliers and manufacturers to produce goods and service
Term
Boundaryless Organization
Definition
Members are linked by computers, faxes, computer-aided design systems, and video-conferencing and who, rarely, if ever, see one another face-to-face
Term
Business to Business (B2B) Network
Definition

Group of organizations that join together and use IT to link themselves to potential global suppliers to increase efficiency and effectiveness

Term
Evolutionary Change (First-Order Change)
Definition
Change that is continuous in nature and involves no major shifts in the way an organization operates. (e.g., frame-bending change; continuous improvement programs)
Term
Revolutionary Change (Second-Order Change)
Definition
Radical change; major shifts involving many different levels of the organization and many different aspects of business. Organizations experiencing transformational change undergo a significant shift in basic characteristic features
Term
Pressure for change
Definition
Shifting employee demographics, perceived “performance gaps", Global competition, Advances in technology, Evolving economic conditions  
Term
Personal reasons for resistance to change
Definition
Financial concerns, Fear of unknown, Erosion of power and influence, Old habits are hard to break, Inconvienence, Negative experiences with prior change, Legitimate concerns about the change
Term
Methods for gaining commitment to radical change
Definition
Try to gain political support for change, Maintain a continuous dialogue between top management and change advocates, Point out financial benefits, Place adaptable people in key spots, Allow for participation at all levels, Allow for discussion and negotiation, Avoid change overload
Term
Managing Change Implenmentation
Definition
Be a change agent and not a barrier to change, Tell people how they will be impacted, Set clear priorities, Communicate clear objections to your subordinates, Focus on short range objectives, Try to get resistance out in open, encourage risk taking, Create supportive work environment, Monitor change closely, Look for bad news, Provide additional training, Communicate
Term
Coping with stress of Change
Definition
Don't expect someone else to deal with your stress, don't decide not to change, don't act like a victim, don't try to play a new game by the old rules, don't shoot for a low stress work setting, don't try to control the uncontrollable, don't change at your own pace
Term
Motivation
Definition
Psychological and environmental forces that determine the direction of a person’s behavior in an organization, a person’s level of effort, and a person’s level of persistence
Term
Intrinsically Motivated Behavior
Definition
Behavior that is performed for its own sake
Term
Extrinsically Motivated Behavior
Definition
Behavior that is performed to acquire material or social rewards or to avoid punishment
Term
Prosocially Motivated Behavior
Definition
Behavior performed to benefit or help others
Term
The Motivation Equation
Definition

Inputs from organizational members = Performance = Outcomes recieved by organiztional members

(Time, effort, education = Organizational efficiency/effectiveness = Pay, job security, benefits)

Term
Expectancy Theory
Definition
Motivation will be high when workers believe: High levels of effort will lead to high performance, High performance will lead to attainment of desireable outcomes (Victor H. Vroom)
Term
Expectancy Theory
Definition
Expectancy, Instrumentality, Valence
Term

Expectancy

(Expectancy Theory)

Definition
A persons perception about the extent to which his or her effort will result in a certain level of perormance
Term

Instrumentality

(Expectancy Theory)

Definition
A person's perception about the extent to which performance at a certain level will result in the attainment of outcomes
Term

Valence

(Expectancy Theory)

Definition
How desirable each of the outcomes available from a job or organization to a person is
Term
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Definition
Self-actualization needs (full potential as human being), Esteem needs (feel good about one's self), Belongingness needs (social interaction), Safety nees (security and stability), Physiological needs (food and water)
Term
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
Definition

Existence needs : All material and physiological desires
Relatedness needs: Involves relationships with other people and are satisfied through the process of mutually sharing thoughts and feelings
Growth needs: Motivate people to productively or creatively change themselves or their environment


Term

Alderfer's ERG Theory

(Satisfaction-Progression Cycle)

Definition
This theory assumes that people address only the most “pressing” or  the most “important” needs at one level then move on to the next level
ERG also allows a person who becomes frustrated to move back down the hierarchy
Term
McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
Definition

Theory X: The assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, and avoid responsibility, and must be coerced to work

Theory Y: Assumption that employees are creative, enjoy work, seek responsibility, and can exercise self direction

Term

 

Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory

Definition
Focuses on outcomes that lead to higher motivation and job satisfaction, and those outcomes that can prevent dissatisfaction
Motivator needs relate to the nature of the work itself and how challenging it is
Hygiene needs are related to the physical and psychological context in which the work is performed
Term

Need for Achievement

(McClelland's Theory)

Definition
A strong desire to perform challenging tasks well and meet personal standards for excellence
Term

Need for affiliation

(McClelland's Theory)

Definition
Extent to which an individual is concerned about establishing and maintaining good interpersonal relations, being liked, and having the people around him get along with each other
Term

Need for Power

(McClelland's Theory)

 

Definition
Extent to which an individual desires to control or influence others
Term
Equity Theory
Definition

Focuses on people’s perceptions of the fairness (or lack of fairness) of their work outcomes in proportion to their work inputs

Equity: Justice and Fairness

Inequity: Lack of fairness

Term
Goal Setting Theory
Definition
Focuses on identifying the types of goals that are effective in producing high levels of motivation and performance and explaining why goals have these effects
Term
Operant Conditioning Theory
Definition

People learn to perform behaviors that lead to desired consequences and learn not to perform behaviors that lead to undesired consequences

Postive and Negative Reinforcement

Term
Learning Theories
Definition

Focus on increasing employee motivation and performance by linking outcomes that employees receive to the performance of desired behaviors and the attainment of goals


Term
Social Learning Theory
Definition

Takes into account how learning and motivation are influenced by people’s  thoughts and beliefs and their observations of  other people’s behavior

Self-efficacy: A person’s belief about his or her ability to perform a behavior successfull

Term
Leadership
Definition
Process by which a person exerts influence over other people and inspires, motivates and directs their activities to help achieve group or organizational goal
Term
Leader vs. Manager
Definition

Leaders: focus on future, create change, create cultured based shared values, establish emotional link or bond with followers, rely on personal power

Manger: Focus on present, seek to maintain status quo and stability, implement policies and procedures, rely on position power

Term
Power
Definition
Process by which a person exerts influence over other people and inspires, motivates and directs their activities to help achieve group or organizational goals
Term
Legitimate Power
Definition
Authority that a manager has by virtue of his or her position in an organizational hierarchy
Term
Reward Power
Definition
Ability of a manager to give or withhold tangible and intangible reward
Term
Coercive Power
Definition
Ability of a manager to punish other
Term
Expert Power
Definition
Is based on special knowledge, skills, and expertise that a leader possesses
Term
Referent Power
Definition
Comes from subordinates’ and coworkers’ respect for the personal characteristics of a leader which earns their loyalty and admiration
Term
Empowerment
Definition
Expansion of employees’ knowledge, tasks, and decision making responsibilities
Term
Emotional Intelligence and Leadership
Definition
Motivate their subordinates to commit to their vision
Develop a significant identity for their organization and instill high levels of trust and cooperation throughout the organization
Respond appropriately when they realize they have made a mistake
Term
Trait Leader
Definition

Assume leaders were born to lead

The Great Man Theory: Leaders possess special traits that set them apart from others.  These traits are responsible for their assuming positions of power and influence

Term
Behavioral Theories
Definition
Theories that isolate behaviors that differentiate effective leaders from ineffective leaders
Term

Autocratic Style

(Behavioral Theory)

 

Definition
A leader who centralizes authority, dictates work methods, makes unilateral decisions, and limits employee participation
Term

Democratic Style

(Behavioral Theory)

Definition
A leader who involves employees in decision making, delegates authority, encourages participation in deciding work methods, and uses feedback to coach employees
Term

Leader-member Relations

(Fiedler's Model)

Definition
Extent to which followers like, trust, and are loyal to their leader
Term

Task Stucture

(Fiedler's model)

Definition
Extent to which workers tasks are clear-cut so that a leader’s subordinates know what needs to be accomplished and how to go about doing it
Term

Position Power

(Fiedler's Model)

Definition
Amount of legitimate, reward, and coercive power leaders have by virtue of their position
Term
Situational Leadership Theory
Definition
A prescriptive rather than descriptive model of first line leadership
Leaders are assumed to modify their behavior based upon the requirements of the situation
Term
Path-goal Theory
Definition
A theory which describes how leaders can adapt their behavior to motivate their followers to achieve group and organizational goals
Emphasizes how a leader behavior influences subordinates’ perceptions of both work goals and personal goals and the links, or paths, found between these two sets of goals
Term
Transactional Leaders
Definition
Leaders who lead primarily by using social exchanges (or transactions)
Term
Transformational Leaders
Definition
Leaders who stimulate and inspire (transform) followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes
Term
Charismatic Leaders
Definition
Enthusiastic, self-confident leaders whose personalities and actions influence people to behave in certain ways
Term
Visionary Leadership
Definition
The ability to create and articulate a realistic, credible, and attractive vision of the future that improves on the present situation
Term
Human Resource Management
Definition
Activities that managers engage in to attract and retain employees and to ensure that they perform at a high level and contribute  to the accomplishment  of organizational goals
Term
Strategic Human Resource Management
Definition
The process by which managers design the components of a HRM system to be consistent with each other, with other elements of organizational architecture, and with the organization’s strategy and goals
Term
Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO)
Definition
The equal right of all citizens to the opportunity to obtain employment regardless of their gender, age, race, country of origin, religion, or disabilities
Term
Training
Definition
Teaching organizational members how to perform current jobs and helping them to acquire the knowledge and skills they need to be effective performers
Term
Development
Definition
Building the knowledge and skills of organizational members to enable them to take on new responsibilities and challenges
Term
Needs Assessment
Definition
An assessment of which employees need training or development and what type of skills or knowledge they need to acquire
Term
Performance Appraisal
Definition
The evaluation of employees’ job performance and contributions to their organization
Term
Objective Appraisal
Definition
An appraisal that is based on  facts and is likely to be numerical
Term
Subjective Appraisal
Definition
An appraisal that is based on perceptions of traits, behaviors, or results
Term
Team
Definition
A group whose members work intensely with each other to achieve a specific, common goal or objective
Term
Group
Definition
Two or more people who interact with each other to accomplish certain goals or meet certain needs
Term
Basic Contributions of Teams
Definition
Building blocks for organizational structure
Increase quality and productivity while reducing costs
Enhance speed and be powerful forces for innovation and change
Provide benefits for team members
Term
Effective Teams
Definition
Productive output of the team meets or exceeds standards of quantity and quality
Team members realize satisfaction of their personal needs
Team members remain committed to working together again
Term
Why Teams Fail
Definition
Members are unwilling to cooperate with each other
Teams fail to receive support from management
Some managers are unwilling to relinquish control to teams
Some teams fail to cooperate with other teams
Organizations fail to change the infrastructure
Term

Characteristics of

"Best Team Experience"

Definition

The right people on the team

Fun

Clearly defined goals

Ways to measure success

Celebration of success

Availability of resources needed for success

Mutual support among team members

A good leader who really cares about the team

Term

Synergy

Definition
Performance gains that result when individuals and departments coordinate their actions
Term
Teams and Motivation
Definition
Members of groups are likely to be more satisfied working together than working alone
Experience of working alongside other highly charged and motivated people can be stimulating and motivating
Team members can see how their efforts and expertise directly contribute to the achievement of team and organizational goals
Teams provide needed social interaction and help employees cope with work-related stressors
Term
5 Stages of Group Developement
Definition

1. Forming

2. Storming

3. Norming

4. Performing

5. Adjourning

Term
Keys to Developing Effective Teams
Definition
Have an explicit vision and plan that serves as the basis for determining team outcomes
Use results oriented outcome measures
Provide training in team skills
Compensate team performance
Promote cooperation within and between teams
Select team members based on their current skills or potential to develop needed skills
Be patient
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