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mgmt 3 elmore
test 3
236
Economics
Graduate
06/24/2012

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Term
general rule of remedies
Definition
innocent party should be placed if possible in exactly the same position as if guilty party had performed contract
Term
benefit of the bargain/general rule for remedies of contracts
Definition
innocent party should be placed if possible in exactly the same position as if guilty party had performed contract
Term
damages
specific performance
unilateral rescission
Definition
3 types of remedies under contract law
Term
damages
Definition
money paid to innocent party by guilt party as a remedy under contract law
Term
specific performance
Definition
type of remedy under contract law that requires guilty party to perform contract
Term
unilateral rescission
Definition
allows innoent prrat to cancel contract and try to return to pre contract position as a remedy under contract law
Term
compensatory
expectancy
consequential
liquidated
Definition
4 types of damages under contract law
Term
compensatory
Definition
amount of money to compensate innocent party for money that the innocent party spent to perform contract
Term
costs
Definition
compensatory damages are associated with compensating the innocent party for:
Term
expectancy damages
Definition
money the innocent part expected to receive and keep if contract was performed
Term
profits
Definition
expectancy damages are associated with compensating the innocent party for:
Term
consequential
Definition
money paid to ijnnocent part for reasonably foreseeable future damages to innocent party resulting from guilty party's breach
Term
baden vs. curtiss breeding service
Definition
case that illustrates consequential damages
Term
consequential damages
Definition
subject matter of baden vs. curtiss breeding service
Term
1. reasonably foreseeable by guilty party at time of contract
2. future damages to innocent party directly related to guilty party's breach of this contract
3. involes 3rd part (usually person dealing with innocent party
Definition
3 elements that would provide for consequential damages as a remedy under contract law
Term
liquidated
Definition
previously agreed upon damage amount
Term
people are risk averse
Definition
purpose behind establishing liquidated damages as a remedy under contract law
Term
consequential and potentially compensatory and expectancy
Definition
liquidated damages can be established in lieu of what other kind of damages under contract law?
Term
specific performance
Definition
makes guilty party perform contract
Term
only when monetary damages are inadequate
Definition
when would specific performance be used as remedy under contract law?
Term
when subject matter is unique
Definition
why would monetary damages be inadequate as a remedy under contract law, thus instutiting specific performance?
Term
positive
negative
Definition
types of specific performance
Term
positive specific performance
Definition
requires guilty party to perform contract because no other remedy can put innocent party in same poistion
Term
governmental related work involving public safety (fireman, safety)
Definition
in what cases can personal services be enforced via specific performance?
Term
negative specific performance
AKA injunction or restraining order
Definition
require guilty party not to do what guilty party agreed not to do in contract
Term
injunction, restraining order, covenant not to compete, employment contract
Definition
examples of negative specific performance
Term
unilateral rescission
Definition
if not possible to give innocent party benefit of bargain, permits innocent part to cancel contract
Term
only innocent party
Definition
under unilateral rescission, who is permitted to cancel the contract?
Term
returns innocent to pre-contract position or as closely as possible
Definition
purpose/goal of unilateral rescission
Term
unilateral rescission
Definition
what is the least preferable of remedies under contract law?
Term
cancellation of unmade order
withholding of undelivered order
resell goods (either at public or private sale)
keep goods and sue for lost profits (NOT COSTS)
Definition
remedies under sales law for the seller's remedies if buyer doesn't accept or pay for sold goods
Term
breach of contract that will result in seller's remedies
Definition
if buyer doesn't accept or pay for sold goods
Term
resell goods either at public or private sale in a commercially reasonable manner and sue for damages
Definition
rules for reselling goods under seller's remedies
Term
depends on uniqueness of goods
- NOT unique: CAN get double profits
- Unique: cannot get double profits
Definition
can seller keep goods and sue for lost profits and then resell again at profit as a remedy for sellers under sales law?
Term
specific performance
cover
sue for lost profits only
sue for breach of warranty
Definition
buyer's remedies under sales law for breach of contract
Term
if seller doesn't deliver conforming goods
Definition
when would a buyer deserve remedies under sales law?
Term
yes
Definition
must the buyer allow time to cure before cancellation of contract or rejecetion of goods as a remedy for breach of contract under salse law?
Term
if goods are unique
Definition
when would specific performance be allowed as a remedy for buyers?
Term
cover
Definition
ALLOWS BUYER TO REPLACE GOODS and sue guilty part for damages as buyer remedy under sales law
Term
expected sales price - COGS
Definition
mathematical lost profits
Term
value of contracted goods - value of defective goods
Definition
mathematical breach of warranty
Term
innocent party must make a reasonable effort to lessen guilty party's damamges after guilty party's breach
Definition
general rule for mitigation of damages
Term
mutual exclusivity
Definition
uniqueness in sales law is to what in contract law
Term
commercial paper
Definition
negotiable instruments/negotiable contracts
Term
commercial paper
Definition
written promises or orders to pay sums of money
Term
negotiability
Definition
contract which is freely transferred from one person to another, taking with it certain legal rigths and duties
Term
substitute for money
creates credit
Definition
purposes of negotiable instruments
Term
creates contract between buyer and seller, and contract between depositor and bank
Definition
how are negotiable instruments substitutes for money?
Term
credit
Definition
future repayment of items you presently enjoy
Term
creates contract between creditor and you
Definition
how do negotiable instruments create credit?
Term
creditor
Definition
person who extends your credit
Term
1. singed and in writing
2. contains unconditional promise or order to pay
3. sum certain in money only
4. payble on demand or at a fixed future date(s)
5. contains the magic words of negotiability
Definition
5 requirements of negotiability
Term
pay to the order of
pay to bearer
Definition
magic words of negotiability
Term
no
Definition
do oral negotiable contracts exist?
Term
no
Definition
does a check memo constitute a condition?
Term
no
Definition
does an omitted date destroy negotiability?
Term
date instrument is given to the other person
Definition
if date is omitted on a negotiable instrument, what is the date assumption?
Term
1. promissory note
2. draft or check
3. certicifcate of deposit
Definition
3 classifications of negotiable instruments
Term
2 party instruments,
contains at least a promise to pay (maybe an order als0)
Definition
distinguishing characteristics of a promissory note
Term
maker
payee
Definition
2 parties for a promissory note
Term
maker
Definition
makes promise and signs it
Term
payee
Definition
person to be paid
Term
lump sum/"single pay" note
installment
"Balooon"/"bullet"
Definition
types of promissory notes in terms of payment
Term
lump sum or single pay note
Definition
entire amount of note due at one fixed future date
Term
installment note
Definition
ALL equal periodic payments so that after last payment, the balance is zero
Term
straight amortized note
Definition
another name for an installment note
Term
balloon/bullet note
Definition
equal periodic payments until last payment when entire remaining balance is due
Term
balloon notes/bullet notes shift interest rate risk from lender to borrower
Definition
Term
unsecured/signature
secured/collateral
Definition
types of promissory notes in terms of security
Term
unsecured or signature promissory note
Definition
no collateral only promise to pay and if don't, payee sues in court
Term
secured or collateral promissory note
Definition
in addition to promise, you put up collateral which can be taken away for nonpayment
Term
draft
Definition
payable in the future (time instrument)
Term
check
Definition
payable on demand ( sight instrument)
Term
draft
Definition
a postdated check is what kind of negotiable instrument
Term
3 party instrument
contains only order to pay, no promise
Definition
characteristics of check or draft
Term
drawer
drawee
payee
Definition
parties for a check or draft
Term
drawer
Definition
orders withdrawal , signs check
Term
payee
Definition
person who gets paid
Term
drawee
Definition
receives and follows order for withdrawal
Term
certificate of deposit
Definition
acknowledgement by bank of receipt of your money with return promise to repay monety plus interest at future date (you loaned bank your money)
Term
negotiable
non negotiable
Definition
2 types of CD's
Term
negotiable CD's
Definition
commercial CD's, larger amounts
Term
nonnegotiable CD's
Definition
most common certificate of deposits for consumers
Term
non negotiable
Definition
what kind of contracts can be assigned?
Term
no
Definition
can negotiable contracts be assigned?
Term
negotiable
Definition
what kind of contracts are negotiated?
Term
it is possible for transferee to have same contracts rights as the transferor but other originial party owed fewer contractr duties by the transferee
Definition
process of negotiating negotiable contracts (describe)
Term
holder
Definition
legally possess a negotiable instrument (payee, transferee)
Term
holder in due course
Definition
holder who pays value, acquires the negotiable contract in good faith, without knowlege of any collection problem
Term
endorser
Definition
person who signs the back of a negotiable instrument and transfers it
Term
endorsee
Definition
person to whom an endorsed instrument is given
Term
bearer
Definition
person who has physical possession of a negotiable instrument
Term
bearer paper
order paper
Definition
2 types of paper for negotiation
Term
non specific person to be piad
Definition
bearer paper characteristics
Term
delivery only
Definition
negotiation method of bearer paper
Term
specified person to be paid
Definition
characteristic of order paper
Term
endorsement and delivery
Definition
negotiation method of order paper
Term
blank endorsement
special endorsements
restrictive endorsement
qualified endorsement
Definition
four kinds of endorsements
Term
blank endorsements
Definition
type of endorsement that contains only endorser's signature
Term
bearer paper
Definition
if an endorsement is a blank endorsement, what is the instrument for purposes of negotiation?
Term
special endorsements
Definition
specifies person to be paid - contains endorsee's name and endorser's signature
Term
front
Definition
where must the magic words (pay to the order of, pay to bearer) be located on a negotiable isnturmetn?
Term
Definition
special endoresent = order paper
Term
restrictive endorsement
Definition
2nd most common endorsement type that restricts future negotiation by holder, but does not destroy negotiaiblity
Term
for deposit only
Definition
most common type of restrictive endorsement
Term
banks - between banks/banking system
Definition
a restrictive endorsement restricts future negotiation to whom?
Term
bank assumes deposit and adds restrictive endorsement
Definition
what is assumed if one surrenders a check along with a deposit slip?
Term
government check (IRS refund)
insurance settlement draft
Definition
in what cases can misspelled names on negotiable instruments not be corrected?
Term
Definition
unilateral rescission is ok related to restrictive endorsements
Term
makers and drawers (the people who wrote it!)
Definition
primary liability for negotiable instruments
Term
all persons who sign, endorse or transfer negotiable instruments have some liablity
Definition
general rule of liability for negotiable instruments
Term
almost all endorsers
Definition
who has secondary liability for negotiable instruments?
Term
contract liability
Definition
duty to see that contract obligation is satisfied
Term
warranty liability
Definition
guarantees about negotiable instruments - no forgery, alteration, theft
Term
makers of promissory notes
drawers of checks and drafts
agents
Definition
parties with primary contract liability
Term
6 years
Definition
up to how many years can drawers of checks and drafts be held liable to pay?
Term
never sign negotiable instrument unless you have to to avoid contract liability
Definition
1st rule regarding secondary liability
Term
1. due presentment
2. dishonor
3. notice of dishonor to secondary party
Definition
conditions before secondary liability (condition that must occur before endorsers are liable)
Term
due presentment
Definition
demand for payment
Term
order: present first to person with primary liability and then to persons with secondary liability
time: demand from endosers within 30 days of endorsemtn
Definition
elements of due presentment
Term
dishnoror
Definition
refusal by person with primary liability to pay
Term
notice of dishonor
Definition
before person with secondary liability must pay, the must be given notice of primary's dishonor
Term
date endorsements but don't put down address if you are endorser. if endorsee,e get address and telephone # to contact
Definition
second practical rule for endorsement of negotiable instruments
Term
yes
Definition
must you endorse order paper?
Term
if you have to endorse, use qualified endorsement
Definition
practical rule #3 for endorsement of negotiable instruments
Term
qualified endorsement
Definition
contains the words "WITHOUT RECOURSE" above endorser's signature
Term
eliminates endorser's secondary contract liability
Definition
negotiation significance of a qualified endorsement
Term
no, just eliminates the endorser's secondary liability
Definition
does a qualified endorsement have any effect on future negotiation?
Term
warranty liability
Definition
certain guarantees about negotiable instruments
Term
good title to instrument - not stolen
all signatures are genuine- no foregeries
instrument hasn't been materially altered - not changed
Definition
warranties for a negotiable instrument
Term
start at top - order of endorsement with payee first
Definition
if problem with endorsement, which endorser do you sue first?
Term
has the same liability as real endorser who he/she helped or "accommodated" by co-endorsing
Definition
liability of an accommodation endorser
Term
payment
alternation
cancellation
Definition
discharge of parties for negotiable contracts
Term
relieves drawer's primary contractual liability to pay THAT negotiable instrument if not OTHERWISE obligated to pay payee
Definition
what does drawing without recourse do?
Term
whoever is most negligent, suffers loss
Definition
rule for suffering loss for theft, forgery, alteration examples
Term
holder: legally possess, not thief
value: paid something or gave something of value fo risntrument
in good faith
innocent purchaser
Definition
3 criteria to qualify as an HDC
Term
the purchaser is without notice instrument is overdue or there are defeses to payment
Definition
what is inncoent purchaser (describe)
Term
holder through holder in due course
Definition
person who legally possesses a negotiable instrument and was transferred it by a HDC, gets benefits of HDC even if mere holder
Term
personal (limited) defenses
Definition
relieves drawers and makers from payments only if due to holders, but not if HDC owed money
Term
real (universal) defenses
Definition
relieves drawers and makers from payment due to everybody (holders and HDCs)
Term
breach of contract
breach of warranty
lack of consideration
fraud in the inducement
unathuorized conpletion
Definition
personal/limited defenses of drawer or maker
Term
when seller doesn't deliver goods or provide services
Definition
when would breach of contract qualify as personal defense for drawers and makers?
Term
when seller delivers goods that are nonconforming
Definition
when would breach of warranty qualify as a personal defense of drawers and makers?
Term
forgery
fraud in the execution
material alteration
illegailty
minority
Definition
real defenses of drawers or makers
Term
forgery
Definition
most common real defense
Term
will
Definition
document which passes legal title to property at death
Term
testator
Definition
male maker of will
Term
testatrix
Definition
female maker of will
Term
formal
holographic
nuncupative
Definition
3 types of wills
Term
formal will
Definition
professionally prepared, typewritten, signed with all legal formalitities
Term
formal will
Definition
also called a witnessed will
Term
testamentary capcity
attestation clause
self proving affidavit
distribution of property
independent executor
guardian
Definition
geneeral requirements to make a will
Term
testamentary capacity
Definition
the requirment that the will maker knows what property s/he owned and who are the natural heirs (ie, not senile, under durress, nor under undue influence)
Term
attestation clause
Definition
requirement that the will is declared by maker as LAST WILL and signed by at least 2 witnesses and the maekr
Term
self proving affidavit
Definition
maker and witnesses sign will and swear under oath before notary public certain stateents to prove will upon later death
Term
benefit of a self proving affidavit
Definition
avoids witnesses' later testimony (saves money and time)
Term
distribution of property
indepednet executor
guardian
Definition
3 main functions of a will
Term
independent executor
Definition
one who handles the financial affairs of a deceased person
Term
guardian
Definition
one who cares for minor children's person and property after death
Term
codicil
Definition
amendment to the will
Term
codicilo
by law
Definition
2 ways of modification to a will
Term
by diorice or birth of another child, But NOT mariage or step children
Definition
how can a will be modified by law?
Term
new will
tear up
Definition
revocation methods of a will
Term
holographic wills
Definition
wills entirely in maker's handwriting
Term
holographic
Definition
what kind of willl do not require witnesses?
Term
nuncupative wills
Definition
oral, death bed wills
Term
no
Definition
are nuncuptive wills permitted in texasw?
Term
intestate
Definition
means the descent and distribution when one dies without a will
Term
parents, then brothers and sisters
Definition
descent and distribution: single, no kids
Term
community property to spouse
Definition
descent and distribution: married, no kids
Term
community property to spouse if spouse is parent of all your kids
Definition
descent and distribution: married, with kids
Term
proepty goes to kids (not 2nd spouse if kids by 1st spouse)
Definition
descent and distribution: second marriage, with kids
Term
probate
Definition
prove person is dead and this is his/her will
Term
collect deceased assets
file ivnetnory of all probate property
pay all debts including taxes
distribute remainder as per will
close estate
Definition
executor's duties
Term
retirement benefits
life insurance policies
payable on death bank accounts
Definition
avoiding probate - things will doesn't control
Term
trusts
Definition
entities which legally own and administer property for another's benefit (beneficiary)
Term
testamentary
inter vivos
Definition
types of trusts
Term
testamentsary
Definition
type of trust created in will
Term
intervivos
Definition
type of trust created during lifetime of creator, effective immediately
Term
irrevocable inter vivos trsut
Definition
type of trust that can't be changed
Term
revocable
irrevocalbe
Definition
2 types of intervivos trusts
Term
revoacalbe inter vivos trust
Definition
can be changed during lifetime of creator, no income or estate tax savings
Term
revocable inter vivos trusts
Definition
also called living will, lifetime managment turst, or golden corral trusts
Term
corpus
Definition
trsut principal
Term
income
Definition
befentifts from the trust principal
Term
beneficiary
Definition
person to whom trust's benefits go (usally child or diabled person, or spouse)
Term
spendthrift
Definition
when benefiticiary can't spendo rhave trust assets taken away from him by spouse or creditors (until it's his)
Term
trustee
Definition
acts upon behalf of beneficiary
Term
fiduciary duty
Definition
utmost loyalty, good faith, required accountings for the best itnerst of beneificary
Term
reasonably prudent investor
Definition
for a trust, the
investment standard
Term
personal liabilty of trustee
Definition
the big problem with improperty investments of a trust
Term
estate planning
Definition
applying laws of property, wills, trusts, insurance, and taxation to person's financial affairs, usually focus on retirment and death planning
Term
5 Milion
Definition
the exepmtoion amount for the unified lifteime estate and gift tax for 2012
Term
estate taxes
Definition
federal government death taxes on all probate and non probate assets, controllec by and NOT by will
Term
texas inheritanced tax
Definition
texas tax on beneficiaris of the estate that is a percent of fedearl estate tax but is deduction aganst amount of fedearl estate
Term
life insurance
Definition
counted as asset for estate tax calculations but not controleld by will
Term
earnest money contract
Definition
contract in which seler agres to sell and buyer agrees to buy real property at a specific price and buyer deposits refundable money to show he's seriosu
Term
refundable is SELLER backs out
Definition
when is a deposit on real propty in an ernest omoney contract refundable?
Term
general warranty deed
Definition
seller signs legal document selling land and housegoes with it
Term
earnest money contract
general warranty deed
prommisoory note
deed of trust
Definition
documents involved in sale of real estate
Term
general warranty
special warranty
quitclaim
Definition
3 types of deeds
Term
general warranty deed
Definition
absolute, unconditional money back guarantee if problem int he sale of real estate
Term
special warranty deed
Definition
seller guarantees the deed from the time he bought it, hasn't sold it
Term
quitclaim deed
Definition
often used when fractured ownerships, provides no warranty for the deed
Term
promissory note
Definition
promise by buyer to repay lender the amount borrow, plus interest
Term
deed of trust
Definition
buyer conditionally gives lender's official (trustee) right to sell the property only if the buyer doesn't pay note
Term
failure to pay money borrowed to buy it (deed of trust foreclosure)
failure to pay for home improvements
failure to pay some federal and local taxes
failure to pay home equity loans
Definition
4 ways to lose your homestead
Term
deed of trust foreclosure
Definition
failure to pay money borrowed to buy homestead
Term
consumer goods
farm products
inventory
equipment
Definition
types of tangible goods that can be used for collateral
Term
consumer goods
Definition
used both for personal or household purposes
Term
inventory
Definition
held by debtor for lease or sale to the public
Term
equipment
Definition
used by a business to make goods and/or services to sell to the public
Term
security agreement
Definition
contract between debtor and secured party in which debtor gives secured party lien (attachment) on his collateral
Term
secured party
Definition
must give value to debtor (loan $)
Term
secured party
Definition
aka the bank, a lender, seller, or other person in whose favor a security einterst exists
Term
debtor
Definition
a person who owes payment or other performance of the obligation that is secured
Term
security interest
Definition
an interest in personal property or fixtures that secures payment or performance of an obligation
Term
security agreement
Definition
a security arragnemnet between the debtor and the secured party; creates the security interest
Term
collateral
Definition
property subject to a security interest
Term
perfection
Definition
the taking, by a secured creditor, those steps in order for his security interest to be valid as against other creditors
Term
financing statement
Definition
the instrument filed to give public notice of the security interest in teh collateral
Term
financing statement
Definition
public notice of secured party's rights to collateral
Term
filing financing statement
possess goods (like pawn shop)
keep car title until loan repaid
Definition
ways to perfect
Term
after acquired property as collateral
Definition
all equipment now owned or hereafter located at debtor's factory
Term
mother hubbard clause property as collateral
Definition
all goods of whatever kind and wherever located
Term
future advances property as collateral
Definition
these goods shall serve as collateral for this debt as well as any future debts
Term
proceeds
Definition
not only do these goods serve as collateral but also any money received from their sale
Term
sue debtor and hope to collect from non exempt property

go to court and get judge to foreclose security interest

use self help to repossess the collateral

debtor peacefully surrenders property
Definition
ways to deal with default by debtor
Term
chapter 7
chapter 11
chapter 13
chapter 12
Definition
four types of bankruptcy
Term
chapter 7 bankruptcy
Definition
straight bankruptcy or liquidating
Term
chapter 11 bankruptcy
Definition
business reorganization in which a plan is prepared to pay off debts while still operating business
Term
chapter 13 bankruptcy
Definition
wage earner repayment plan (consumer bankruptcy)
Term
chapter 12 BR
Definition
Farmer bankruptcy
Term
list all creditors
list all assets and debts
make available all non exempt assets to trustee
cooperate with trustee
Definition
duties of debtor
Term
taxes
crimes
alimony/child support
intentional torts
motor vehicle damages if DWI
student loans
failure to list creditors
consumer credit card abuse
Definition
nondischargeable debts
Term
chapter 13 bankruptcy
Definition
payment of past debts from future wages
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