Shared Flashcard Set

Details

MGMT 310A Exam 3 UA
Exam 3
150
Management
Undergraduate 3
11/12/2013

Additional Management Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
4 Functions of Communication
Definition
  • control
  • motivation
  • emotional expression
  • information
Term
Communication Process
Definition
  1. sender
  2. encoding
  3. the message
  4. the channel
  5. decoding
  6. the receiver
  7. noise
  8. feedback
Term
The Sender in Communication Process
Definition
  • initiates a message by encoding a thought
Term
Encoding in Communication Process
Definition
  • senders intent of the message
Term
The message in Communication Process
Definition
  • physical product of sender's encoding
Term
The channel in Communication Process
Definition
  • the medium through which the message travels
  • formal channel- established by organization, follow authority chain, 
  • informal channels- person or social messages, emerge as a resonse to individual choice, spotaneous
Term
The receiver in Communication Process
Definition
  • person to whom the message is directed 
Term
Decoding in Communication Process
Definition
  • translating the symbols into understandable form
Term
Noise in Communication Process
Definition

communication barriers that distort the clarity of the message

Ex: perceptual problems, info overload, semantics difficulties, or cultural differences

Term
Feedback in Communication Process
Definition
  • the check on how successful the message as originally intended, determines if understanding is achieved
Term
Lateral Communication
Definition
communicatiing to comone on the same level (coworker to coworker)
Term
Downward Communication
Definition
when communicating to a lower level (management to employee)
Term
Upward Communication
Definition
communication to someone to a higher level (employee to management)
Term
Interpersonal Communication
Definition
  • Oral: spoken with immediate feedback
  • Written: is time consuming and has no built in feedback, but is physically available
  • Non-verbal: body language, how interested a person is
Term
Gender Differences in Communication: Male
Definition
  • emphasize status, power, and importance
  • complain women talk too much
  • offer solutions
  • boast about accomplishments and compete
Term
Gender Differences in Communication: Female
Definition
  • Emphasize connection and intimacy
  • criticize men for not listening
  • speak of problems to promote bonding
  • use more polite words and apologies
  • use indirect tactics unless on the same or higher power level
Term
LADDER approach to effective listening
Definition
  • L- Look like you'e listening
  • A- Ask questions to understand
  • D- Don't interrupt
  • D- Defuse your dead spots
  • E- Establish trust
  • R- Resist defensive filtering
Term
Using Language in Communication
Definition
  • Semantics: words may mean different things to different people
  • Connotations: words imply different things to different people
  • Tone Differences: in some languages, language is formal and informal, and tone makes a big impact
  • Differences in Conflict Resolution: collectivist cultures avoid direct conflict, individulists fight
Term
Organizational Communication
Definition

Formal Small group networks:

- Chain: more for 3-level companies

- Wheel- all respond to one leader

- All-Channel: all group members activiely communicate to each other

 

Grapevine: the rumors and gossip can also be source of info

 

 

Term
Electronic Communcations
Definition
  • email
  • instant messaging or text messaging
  • social networking
  • blogs
  • video conferencing
Term
3 R's for Giving Criticism
Definition
  • Raise the issue- be specific and behavioral
  • Remain open- listen
  • Request action- perhaps set SMART goal
Term
3 A's for Receiving Criticism
Definition
  • Acknowledge- avoid defensiveness
  • Ask questions- to better understand the feedback
  • Agree to some action if possible
Term
Trait Theories of Leadership
Definition
  • focuses on personal qualities and characteristics
  • traits can predict leadership
  • Big Five (extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness to experience, emotional stability)
  • extraversion is most important
  • EI claims without emotional intelligence, person can have outstanding training , a highly analytical mind, compelling vision, but not a great leader
  • Assumption: Leaders are born, not made
  • Goal: select Leaders
  • Problems: traits do not generalize across situations. better predicts leader emergence than effectiveness
Term
Behavioral Theories
Definition
  • theories proposing that specific behaviors differentiate leaders from nonleaders
  • intiating struture: leader defining structure of his role and those of subordinates in search for goal attainment
  • Ex: prodcution-oriented leader
  • consideration: leader has job relationships characterizred by mutual trust, respect for ideas, and regard for feelings 
  • Ex: employee-oriented leader
  • Assumption: Leaders can be trained
  • Goal: Develop leaders
  • Problem: Effective behaviors do not generalize across situations 
Term
Communication
Definition
the transfer and understanding of meaning
Term
Low Channel Richness
Definition
  • routine action
  • Ex: Memo, letters
Term
High Channel Richness
Definition
  • not routine
  • Ex: video conference, face to face meetings
Term

Barriers to effective communication

9 Ways 

Definition
  1. Filtering
  2. Selective Precipitation
  3. Information Overload
  4. Emotions
  5. Language
  6. Silence
  7. Communication Apprehension
  8. Gender Differences
  9. Politically Correct Communication
Term
Filtering as a Barrier
Definition
  • A senders manipulation of information so that it will be seen more favorably by the receiver
Term
Selective Precipitation as a Barrier
Definition
Receivers in the communication process selectively see and hear based on their needs, motivation, experience, background, and other personal characteristics
Term
Information Overload as a Barrier
Definition
when the information we receive exceeds out processing capacity
Term
Emotions as a Barrier
Definition
interpret the same message differently when you're angry or distraught then when you are happy
Term
Language as a Barrier
Definition
the use of language is far from uniform, even in the same language, words mean different things to different people
Term
Silence as a Barrier
Definition
lack of communications, absence of info
Term
Communication Apprehension
Definition
Undue tension nd anxiety about oral communication, written communication, or both
Term
Gender Differences as a Barrier
Definition
men tend to use talk to emphasize status, women tend to use it to create connections
Term
Politically Correct Communication as a Barrier
Definition
concerned with being inoffensive that meaning and simplicity are lost or free expression is hampered
Term
Leadership
Definition
the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals
Term
Management vs Leadership
Definition
  • Management- has authority, is about coping with complexity. Good management brings order and consistency by drawing up formal plans, designing ridged org structure, and monitoring results against plans
  • Leadership- more influential, is about coping with change. leaders establish direction by developing a vision, align people by communicating vision, and inspires them to overcome hurdles
Term
Fielder Contingency Model
Definition
  • theory that effective groups depend on a proper match with the leader's style with attitudes of subordinates and a degree to which the situation gives control to the leader
  • Process: Identifying Leadership Style, Defining Situation, Matching Leaders and Situations
Term
Identifying Leadership Style
Definition
  • Fielder created a least-preferred co-worker (LPC) questionnaire to identify what style by measuring whether a person is task or relationship oriented
  • Asks workers who they least enjoyed working with
  • Positive description, high score= relationship oriented
  • Negative description, low score= task oriented
Term
Defining the Situation
Definition
  • After questionnaire results, leader is matched to situation. Fiedler identified 3 contigency/situational dimensions
  • Leader-member relations= degrees of confidence, trust, and respect subordinate have in leader
  • Task structure= degree to which job assignments are procedurized
  • Position Power= influence from one's structural position suchs as hiring, firing, promote, etc.
Term
Matching Leaders and Situations
Definition
  • task-oriented leaders perform better in situations very favorable to them and unfavorable
  • relationship-oriented leaders perform better in moderately favorable situations
Term
Contingency Theories
Definition
  • Theories that leadership will be successful CONTINGENT on situations and conditions
  • Fiedler contingency model, Leader-participation model, Situational leadership model, Path goal theory, leader/member exchange theory
Term
Leader-Participation Model
Definition
  • theory that provides a set of rules to determine form & amount of participative decision making in different situations
  • Criticism: the model's complexity and ability to perfrom jobs
Term
Situational Leadership Model
Definition
  • theory that focuses on followers' readiness, willingness, and ability to perform jobs
  • Followers unable and unwilling to do a task = leaders needing to give clear and specific directions
  • Followers unable and willing = leaders need to be high task-oriented
  • Followers able and unwilling = leaders need to be supportive and participative
  • Followers able and willing = leaders dont need to do much  
Term
Path Goal Theory
Definition
  • theory states that it is the leader's job to assist followers in attaingin their goals by providing necessary direction and support to ensure their goals are compatible to organization's
  • Directive or supportive leadership
  • Directive leadership yields greater satisfaction when tasks are vague/stressful than when highly structured
  • Supportive leadership yields high performance when tasks are structured
Term
Leader/member exchange theory
Definition
  • theory that supports leaders creation of in-groups and out-groups; subordinates with in-group status are more efficient
  • in-groups: they're trusted, special priviledges, have characteristics same as leader. Out-groups: followers that fall out
  • Argues that bc of time pressures, leaders establish special relationship with a small group of their followers
Term
Charismatic Leadership
Definition
  • leadership theory states that followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors
Term
3 Step Process to Becoming Charismatic Leader
Definition
  • Develop an aura of charisma by maintining optimism, passion as a catalyst for enthusiasm
  • Draw others in by creating a bond that inspires them to follow
  • Bring out potential followers by tapping into their emotions
Term
4 Step Process for Influencing
Definition
  • Vision: long term strategy for attaining goals
  • Vision Statement: formal articulation of an organizations vission or mission 
  • Leader conveys a set of value to be followed through words and actions
  • Engages in an emotion-inducing and often unconventional behavior to demonstrate courage and conviction
Term
Key Characteristics of Charismatic Leaders
Definition
  • Vision and articulation: has a vision that propses future better than status quo; and is able to clarify the importance of the vision in terms that are understandable to others
  • Personal Risk: willing to take on high personal risk, incur high costs, and engage in self-sacrifice to achieve vision
  • Environmental sensitivity: able to make realistic assessments of the environmental constraints and resources needed to bring about change
  • Sensitivity to follower needs: perceptive of others' abilities and responsive to their needs and feelings
  • Unconventional behavior: Engages in behaviors that are perceived as novel and counter to norms
Term
Transactional Leadership
Definition
  • Leaders who guide or motivate followers indirection of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements
Term
Characteristics of Transactional Leadership
Definition
  • contingent reward: rewards are contingent on effot and good performance
  • management by exception (active): any deviation from rules then corrective action is immediately taken
  • management by exception (passive): waits to correct until after deviation has been committed
  • laissez-faire: no real management
Term
Transformational Leadership
Definition
  • leaders who inspire followers, & who are capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on followers
Term
Characteristics of a Transformational Leader
Definition
  • idealized influence: provides vision and sense of mission, instills pride, gains respect and trust
  • inspirational motivation: communicates high expectations, uses symbols to focus effects, expresses important purposes in simple ways
  • intellectual stimulation: promotes intelligence, rationality, and careful problem solving
  • individual consideration: gives personal attention, treats each employee individually, coaches and advises
Term
Full Range of Leadership Model
Definition
  • Charcteristics of transformational leadership are usually more active and effective
  • Characteristics of transactional leadership are usually more passive and ineffective
Term
Authentic Leadership
Definition
  • leaders who know who they are, know what they believe in and value, and act on those values openly and candidly
  • folllowers consider the leader ethical
Term
Ethics and Leadership
Definition
  • Use ethical means to get followers to achieve goal and the goal itself is ethical
  • unethical leaders normally shunned, fired, or arrested
  • social leaders show leadership in social issues and has values centered on others
  • socialized charismatic leadrship: leadership conduct where leader conveys value on others then being self-centered and who role-model ethical conduct
Term
Trust and Leadership
Definition
  • Trust: positive expectation that another will not act opportunistically
  • leaders who break trust can cause serious effects to group's performance
Term
How is trust developed?
Definition
  • Integrity- being honest and truthful
  • Benevolence- trusted person has you interests at heart
  • Ability- individual's technical and interpersonal knowledge and skills
Term
Consequences of Trust
Definition
  • encourages taking risks
  • facilitates info sharing
  • trusting groups are more effective
  • enhances productivity
Term
Mentor
Definition
senior employee supportin less experienced employee
Term
Mentoring activities
Definition
  • present ideas clearly
  • listen well
  • empathize
  • share experiences
  • act as a role model
  • share contacts
  • provide political guidance
Term
Challenges to the Leadership Construct
Definition
  • attribution thoery of leadership: theory says leadership is an attribute people make about others
  • substitutes: attributes, such as experience and traingin that can replace the need for a leader to create structure
  • neutralizers: attributes that make leader behavior impossible to affect followers outcomes
  • identification-based trust: trust based on mutual understanding of each other's intentions and appreciation of each others wants and desires
Term
Guest Speak Info
Definition
  • Businesses look for grades, set of skills, and if you are a right fit for the company
  • Way to search for jobs: career fairs, and looking into smaller businesses specific to what you want
Term
Power
Definition
capacity that A has to inluence the behavior of B so that B acts in accordance with A's wishes
Term
Dependency
Definition
B's relationship to A when A posses something that B requires
Term
Formal Power
Definition
based on an individual's position in an organization, comes from ability to coerce, reward, or from formal authority
Term
Coercive Power
Definition
power base thats dependent on fear of the negative results from failing to comply
Term
Reward Power
Definition
compliance achieved based on ability to distribute rewards that others view as valuable
Term
Legitimate Power
Definition
power a person recieves as a result of his/her position in the formal hierarchy of an organization
Term
Personal power
Definition
  • inluence derived from individual's characteristics
  • expert power: influence based on special skills or knowledge
  • referent power: influence based on identification with a person who has desirable resources or personal traits
Term
Dependency: Key to Power
Definition
  • general postulate: greater B's dependency on A, the more power B has over A
  • dependency increases when resource you control is important, scarce, and non-substitutable
Term
Power Tactics
Definition
  • ways in which individuals translate power bases into specific actions
Term
Legitimacy
Definition
relying on your authority position or saying a request accords with organizational rules
Term
rational persuasion
Definition

presenting logical arguments and factual evidence to demonstrate a request is reasonable

 

Term
inspirational appeals
Definition
developing emotional committment by appealing to a target's values, needs, hopes, and aspirations
Term
consultation
Definition
increasing the target's support by involving him/her in deciding how you will accomplish your plan
Term
exchange
Definition
rewarding target with benefits in exchange for following request
Term
personal appeals
Definition
asking for compliance based on friendship and loyalty
Term
ingratiation
Definition
using flattery, praise, or friendly behavior prior to making request
Term
pressure
Definition
using warnings, repeated demands, and threats
Term
coalitions
Definition
enlisting the aid or support of others to persuade the target to agree
Term
political skills
Definition
ability to influence others in such a way to enhance one's objective
Term
empowering employees
Definition
  • foster intiative
  • link work tasks to organizational goals
  • provide ample info
  • encourage self-leadership
  • offer coaching and establish appropriate limits
Term
sexual harrassment
Definition
  • any unwanted activity of a sexual nature that creates an individual's employment and creates a hostile work environment
Term
2 types of sexual harrassment
Definition
  • quid pro quo: having power of someone (teacher asks student on date)
  • hostile work environment: (how someone is treating you)
Term
Bringing and Bases for Claims
Definition
  • Bringing a claim: employees file with EEO office, EEOC will find cause or no cause, no cause= employee right to sue letter, cause= appropriate remedy imposed
  • Bases for Claim= disparate treatment, disparate impact, race
Term
political behavior
Definition
activites that are not required as part of a person's formal role in the organization but influence the distribution of advantages & disadvantages within the organization
Term
legitimate political behavior
Definition
normal everyday politics
Term
illegitimate political behavior
Definition
extreme political behavior that violates the implied rules of the game
Term
Characteristics of politics
Definition
  • stay informed and develop pwerful contacts from whom you may ask advice and offer sincere praise
  • display loyalty and positive attitude
  • avoid political blunders, dont bypass boss
  • dont forget about ethics
Term
Conflict
Definition
process when one prty perceives that another party has negatively affected something the first party cares about
Term
traditional view of conflict
Definition
belief that all conflict is harmful and must be avoided
Term
inter-actionist view of conflict
Definition
belief that is not only a positive force in a group but also an absolute necessity for a group to perform effectively
Term
functional conflict
Definition
conflict that supports the goals of the group and improves its performance
Term
dysfunctional conflict
Definition
conflict that hinders group performance
Term
task conflict
Definition
conflict over content and goals of the work
Term
relationship conflict
Definition
conflict based on interpersonal relationships
Term
process conflict
Definition
conflict over how work gets done
Term
Conflict Good or Bad?
Definition
  • good thing
  • traditional views: conflict tends to be negative experience ->conflict is bad
  • HR/interactionist view: conflict can be positive force in groups, and that some conflict is neccessary for group to be effective
  • managed conflict -> important to resolve naturally occurring conflicts productively
Term
Conflict Process
Definition
  • process that has 5 stages: potential opposition, cognition and personalization, intentions, behavior, and outcomes
  • perceived conflict: awareness by 1 or more parties of the existence of conditions that create opportunities for conflict
  • felt conflict: emotional involvement in conflict creating anxiety, tenseness, hostility, and frustration
Term
Dimensions of Conflict- Handling Intentions
Definition
  • competition
  • accomadation
  • avoidance
  • compromise
  • collaboration
Term
Competition and when to use
Definition
  • desire to satisfy one's interests, regardless of the impact on the other party to the conflict
  • use when: quick action is vital, unpopular actions need implementing, issues vital to organizations welfare, you know you're right, against people who take advantage of noncompetitive behavior
Term
accommodation and when to use
Definition
  • the willingness of one part in the conflict to place the opponent's interests above his own
  • use when: you're wrong and need others heard, to show reasonableness, maintain cooperation, build social credit, minimize loss when losing, when harmony is important, allow employees to develop and learn from their mistakes
Term
avoidance and when to use
Definition
  • desire to withdraw from or supress a conflict
  • use when: issue is trivial, your concerns wont be satisfied, disruption outweighs benfits to resolution, let people cool down, someone else can resolve conflict
Term
compromise and when to use
Definition
  • a situation in which each part to a conflict is willing to give up something
  • use when: goals are important but so are relationships, achieve temporary settlements, arrive at expedient solutions, backup to collaboration and competition
Term
collaboration and when to use
Definition
  • best approach
  • a situation in whcih the parties to a conflict each desire to satify fully concerns of all parties
  • use when: finding integrative solution when both concerns are important, objective is to learn, gain insights from different perspectives, work through feeling that interfere reationships
Term
potential benefits of conflict
Definition
  • lessen social tensions
  • prevent stagnation or groupthink
  • lead to resource re-allocation or other adaptive change
  • provide greater understanding of slef, other, organization
  • serve as red flag
Term
conflict management techniques
Definition
  • problem solving
  • super ordinate goals
  • expansion of resources
  • avoidance
  • smoothing
  • compromise
  • authoritatvie command
  • altering the human variable
  • altering the structural variables
Term
problem solving
Definition
face to face meeting of the conflicting parties for the pupose of identifying the problem and resolving it through open discussion
Term
super ordinate goals
Definition
creating a shared goal that cannot be attained without the cooperation of each of the conflicting parties
Term
expansion of resources
Definition
when a conflict is caused by the scarcity of resources, expansion of resource can create win-win solution
Term
smoothing
Definition

playing down difference while emphasizing common interests between the conflicting areas

 

Term
authoritative command
Definition
using formal authority to resolve the conflict and then communicate its desires to parties involed
Term
altering human variable
Definition
using behavioral change techniques such as human relations training to alter attitudes and behaviors that cause conflict
Term
altering structural variables
Definition
changing formal organization structure and the interaction patterns of conflicting parties like job redesign, transfers, etc.
Term
conflict stimulation techniques
Definition
  • communication: using threatening messages to increase conflict levels
  • bringing in outsiders- new perspectives to present group can spur conflict 
  • restructuring organization- changing rules
  • appointing a devil's advocate- designating a critic
Term
negotiations
Definition
process in which 2 or more parties exchange goods and attempt to agree on the exchange rate for them
Term
BATNA: Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement
Definition
lowest outcome an individual will agree to in a negotiation
Term
Bargaining strategies
Definition
  • distributive bargaining: seeks to divide up a fixed amount of resources (win-lose situation)
  • integrative bargaining: seeks one or more settlements (win-win situation)
Term
Negotiation Process
Definition
  • Preparing & planning
  • Definition of ground rules
  • Clarification and justification
  • Bargaining and problem solving
  • Closure and implementation
Term
third-party negotiations
Definition
  • mediator- third party who facilitates a negotiated solution
  • arbitrator- third party who has authority to dictate agreement
  • conciliator- trusted third party who provides informal communication link between negotiator and opponent
  • consultant- impartial third party skilled in conflict managemnt 
Term
gender differences in negotiations
Definition
women are more cooperative and pleasant than men in negotiations
Term
mood/emotions in negotiations
Definition
appears that in negotiators in a postion of power who show anger negotiate better outcomes because their anger induces concessions from their opponents
Term
organizational structure
Definition
way in which job tasks are formally divided, grouped, and coordinated
Term
work specialization
Definition
degree to which tasks in an organization are subdivided into separate jobs
Term
departmentalization
Definition
basis by which jobs in an organization are grouped together based on geography or territory
Term
chain of command
Definition
an unbroken line of authority that extends from top to bottom of organization and clarifies who reports to whom
Term
authority
Definition
refers to the rights inherent in a mangerial position to give orders and expect them to obey
Term
unity of command
Definition
helps preserve the concept of an unbroken line of authority, one and only one superior to whom he is directly responsible
Term
span of control
Definition
the number of subordinates a manager can efficiently and effectively direct
Term
centralization
Definition
the degree to which deciosn-making is concentrated at a single point in the organization
Term
decentralization
Definition
decision making pushed down to the manager's closest to the action
Term
formalization
Definition
the degree to which jobs within an organization are standardized
Term
simple structure
Definition
characterized by low degree of departmentalization, wide spans of control, centralized authority, little formalization
Term
bureaucracy
Definition
highly routine operating tasks achieved through specialization, very formalized rules, tasks grouped into functional departments, centralized authority, narrow spans of control, follows chain of command with decision making
Term
matrix structure
Definition
creates dual lines of authority and combines functional and product departmentalization
Term
Team based organizations
Definition
organized by self-managing teams where management exists to support teams
Term
boundary-less organizations
Definition
  • seeks to eliminate the chain of command, have limitless spans of control, and replace departments with empowered teams
  • minimize vertical and develop horizontal networks to complete projects
Term
virtual organizations
Definition
small core organization that outspurces its major business functions, highly centralized with little to no departmentalization
Term
mechanistic model
Definition
structure characterized by extensive departmentalization, high formalization, a limited information network, and centralization
Term
organic model
Definition
structure that is flat, uses cross-fierarchical and cross-functional teams, possesses a compressive info network, and relies on participative decision making
Term
innovation strategy
Definition
emphasizes the intro of major new products and services
Term
cost minimization strategy
Definition
emphasizes tight costs controls, avoidance of unneccessary innovation or marketing expenses, and price-cutting
Term
imitation strategy
Definition
seeks to move into new products or new markets only after their viability has already been proven
Term
strategy structure relationship
Definition

innovation -> organic

cost minimization -> mechanistic

imitation -> mix of mechanistic and organic

Term
technology in way in which structures differ
Definition
way in which organization transfers its input into outputs
Term
environment in how structures differ
Definition
institutions or forces outside an organization that potentially affect the organization's performance
Supporting users have an ad free experience!