Differentiation refers to a person’s ability to separate what?

a) Process and content

b) Intrapersonal and interpersonal

c) Hierarchy and subsystems

d) Genograms and triangles

b) Intrapersonal and interpersonal

When an intergenerational therapist utilizes a genogram its purpose is?

a) Assessment instrument

b) Assessment instrument and Intervention

c) Identify unique outcomes

d) Identify exceptions

b) Assessment instrument and Intervention

Which of the following best describes Bowen's idea of emotional cutoff?

a) John and his mother often argue, but he seems to rely on her for constant support and

reassurance.

b) Susan worked hard through school and received a scholarship from a major university

on the opposite side of the country upon finishing high school. She has since graduated,

works often at her dream job and rarely comes home to see her family.

c) Gary's family is very close, and they always have been. After finishing his

undergraduate degree, he has settled into a good job in a town near where his family

lives.

d) Shaun worked hard through high school and received a partial scholarship to the local

university. Rather than taking the scholarship, Shaun opted to take pay to go an out of

state university. Shaun has made little effort to keep in touch with his family.

d) Shaun worked hard through high school and received a partial scholarship to the local

university. Rather than taking the scholarship, Shaun opted to take pay to go an out of

state university. Shaun has made little effort to keep in touch with his family.

Bowen believed dysfunction stemmed from the automatic physical and emotional reactions

not governed by conscious thought. He referred to this as:

a.) Fusion

b.) Anxiety

c.) Differentiation

d.) Emotional cutoff

b.) Anxiety

 Practitioners of the Milan model were known for using which intervention?

A. Mirroring

B. Invariant prescription

C. Paradox directives

D. Unbalancing 

B. Invariant prescription

 A college student with insomnia is directed by the therapist to set an alarm for 4 AM every morning and get up to polish a brass vase until they can see their reflection. This is an example of an intervention for which model?

A. Strategic

B. Milan

C. MRI

D. Bowen 

C. MRI

The model that sees the role of the therapist as a maintainer of neutrality rather than an initiator is

A. Milan

B. Behavioral

C. Minuchin

D. MRI 

A. Milan

According to the MRI model a patient exhibiting a crisis that has expanded to impair multiple areas of their life, might be trying to express concern for a separate area of their life. This is an example of

A. Seeding ideas

B. Double bind

C. Encouraging a response by frustrating it

D. Mirroring 

D. Mirroring 

Where did Salvador Minuchin develop and establish structural theory?

a) Israel

b) New York City

c) Iowa

d) Philadelphia

d) Philadelphia

What type of boundary is restrictive and permits little contact with outside subsystems, and results in disengagement?

a) Rigid

b) Diffuse

c) Clear

d) Structural

a) Rigid

Structural problems are viewed as:

a) A flaw in the family hierarchy

b) A failure to adjust to changing circumstances

c) The problem of one individual scapegoat

d) A flaw in family rules and expectations

b) A failure to adjust to changing circumstances

Which technique in Structure Family Therapy involves the therapist observing each client in the here and now while interacting, responding, and behaving in a natural manner?

a) Reframing

b) Enactment

c) Joining

d) Structural Mapping

b) Enactment

 A humanistic type of therapy that involves the therapist using their own personality, having a willingness to share and risk, and being genuine with the family is:

a. Strategic

b. Bowen

c. Structural

d. Experiential 

Experiential

 Which of the following stages is not one of Satir’s six-stages of change? 

a.     Status Quo

b.     Practice / Implementation

c.      Metaphoric Task

d.     Chaos 

Metaphoric Task

The Symbolic-Experiential Model uses the Trial of Labor at what phase of therapy?

a.     In the earliest phases of meeting with the client

b.     After the therapist has met with the client for at least 3 sessions

c.      Termination

d.     Trial of Labor is not used in the Symbolic-Experiential Model

 In the earliest phases of meeting with the client

Which of the following is not an intervention used in Satir’s Communication Model?

a.     Family sculpting

b.     Self-mandala

c.      Guided Meditation 

d.     Parts party

Guided Mediation

A survival stance is a method/technique in which model?

Experiential

A primary survival triad is a method/technique in which model?

Experiential

A body, mind & feeltings is a method/technique in which model?

Experiential

A Co-therapists is a method/technique in which model?

Experiential

A affective confrontation (positive anxiety) is a method/technique in which model?

Experiential

A expand distress to all members is a method/technique in which model?

Experiential

A redefining symptoms is a method/technique in which model?

Experiential

In experiential therapy, assessment is 

1. Formal

2. Informal

Informal

In experiential therapy, assessment is _____ based

competency

In experiential therapy, assessment is a trial of ____

labor

Sculpting is an intervention in this model.

Experiential

Choreogrpahy is an intervention in this model.

Experiential

Conjoint family drawing is an intervention in this model.

Experiential

Role playing is an intervention in this model.

Experiential

Role playing is an intervention in this model.

Experiential

Use of humor is an intervention in this model.

Experiential

Puppet interviews is an intervention in this model.

Experiential

Reconstruction is an intervention in this model.

Experiential

Sharing feelings and creating an emotionally intense atmosphere is an intervention in this model.

Experiential

Modeling and teaching clear communication skills (use of "I" messages) is an intervention in this model.

Experiential

Challenge "stances" is an intervention in this model and this therapist founder.

Experiential

Satir

Use of self is an intervention in this model.

Experiential

Ivan Pavlov

   John B. Watson 

BF Skinner

Aaron Beck 

Albert Ellis

Are all leading figures of this model

Cognitive behavioral therapy.

An assessment procedure conducted by the therapist to identify the target behaviors, determine factors maintaining these behaviors, and construct a treatment plan with specific criteria to measure change efforts. 

Behavior analysis

Therapy influenced by Wolpe, Eysenck, Shapiro, and Skinner that is representative of principles of learning theory and is used to treat psychopathology through techniques designed to reinforce desired behaviors and extinguish problematic behaviors. 

Behavior therapy

The ability of humans and animals to use adaptive behaviors that achieve a balance in a system that keeps things the same.

Behavioral regulation

Theory in which the environment, rather than genes, is the primary determinant of both human and nonhuman animal behavior. John B. Watson was the father of behaviorism, and he focused on overt behavior influenced by environmental factors. 

Behaviorism

According to Pavlov (1927) this is the pairing of a neutral (conditioned) stimulus with one that evokes a response (unconditioned stimulus) such that the neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response when events occur closely together in time. 

Classical conditioning

A model of therapy that emphasizes the importance of identifying and challenging distorted thoughts to produce changes in mood and reduce or eliminate problematic behaviors

Cognitive behavioral therapy

A technique in which the client recalls a past problem and the therapist and the client rehearse new, more desired responses to the past problem.

Cognitive rehearsal

An intervention in which the therapist attempts to modify the client’s thoughts, perceptions, and attributions about an event. 

Cognitive restructuring

A time-limited, present focused, problem-solving therapeutic approach, usually associated with Aaron Beck, in which clients learn to identify distorted thoughts and challenges those thoughts to improve their moods. 

Cognitive therapy

 A contract in which participants specify who is to do what for whom, under which circumstances, times, and places. 

Contingency contract

According to Fallon, a behavioral assessment of family functioning typically occurs at two levels, and the second level is a functional analysis, which is geared toward revealing the interrelationships between behavioral deficits and the interpersonal environment where they are functionally relevant. 

Functional analysis

An opportunity for the client to revisit a past or current issue with therapist assistance, so that the client can discover cognitive distortions and later begin cognitive restructuring. 

Guided discovery

 Beliefs that are rigid, dogmatic, cannot be fully supported by social reality, and tend to hinder goal achievement.  

Irrational beliefs

Behavior is maintained by its _____

Consequences

 Anything that reinforces the behavior to occur again. 

Reinforcers

 Anything that is likely to cause that behavior to no longer occur in the future. 

punishments

People strive to maximize rewards and minimize cost under this theory.

Theory of Social Exchange

This exchange theory is where giving and getting are balanced, there is a high ratio of benefits cost, and unpleasant behavior reduces marital satisfaction.

Behavior exchange theory

 A major determinant of marital unhappiness (Stuart, 1975).  Spouses tend to reciprocate their partners’ use of aversive behavior and a vicious cycle develops (Patterson & Reid, 1970).

Aversive Control

Poor problem-solving skills, change the subject, responding to complaints with counter complaints, wishes and complaints in vague and critical ways is this type of relationship

Distressed relationships

Conclusions are drawn in the absence of supporting evidence

Arbitrary inference 

Poor problem-solving skills, change the subject, responding to complaints with counter complaints, wishes and complaints in vague and critical ways is this type of relationship

Distressed relationships

Certain details are highlighted while other important information is ignored

Selective abstraction

 Conclusions are drawn in the absence of supporting evidence  

Arbitrary inference 

Isolated incidents are taken as general patterns 

Overgeneralization 

The significance of events is unrealistically magnified or diminished

Magnification and minimization

 Events are arbitrarily interpreted in reference to oneself

Personalization

 Experiences are interpreted as all good or all bad.

Dichotomous thinking 

 Behavior is attributed to undesirable personality traits

Labeling and mislabeling

 Magical gift of knowing what other people are thinking without the aid of verbal communication.

Mind reading 

to be the expert and to observe the frequency of problem behavior, as well as the stimulus conditions that precede it and the reinforcement that follows

Role of the Therapist 

The basic premise of behavior therapy is that behavior will change when the contingencies of reinforcement are altered

Stages of change

Reinforcing change in small steps.

Shaping

Points to reward children for good behavior

Token economies

Agreements by parents to make certain changes following changes made by their children.

Contingency contracting

Giving and taking away rewards based on children's behavior 

Contingency management

Time-out, Speeding ticket, and Bad grades refer to this stage of change in CBT

Punishment

 High probability behavior used to reinforce the behavior with a low probability 

Premack principle 

Behavioral couples therapy to express themselves in clear, behavioral descriptions, rather than in _______.

vague complaints

Behavioral couples therapy new behavior exchange procedures, emphasizing positive control

in place of ____    ____.

aversive control

Behavioral couples therapy helped to improve their _____

communication 

Behavioral couples therapy encouraged to establish clear and effective means of ___   ___ and making decisions 

sharing power

Behavioral couples therapy strategies for solving future problems as a means to ____ and ____ gains initiated in therapy

maintain

extend

Assumes that members of a family simultaneously influence and are influenced by each other. 

Behavioral couples therapy 

Individual’s own cognitions, behaviors, and emotions regarding family interactions 

Behavioral Family Therapy 

Actions of individual family members toward him or her 

Behavioral Family Therapy

Combined (not always consistent) reactions several family members have toward him or her. 

Behavioral Family Therapy

Characteristics of the relationships among other family members 

Behavioral Family Therapy

Just as individuals maintain schemas, or core beliefs about themselves, their world, and their future, they also maintain beliefs about their families

Family Schemas 

Schemas related to the parents’ ______ growing up in their own families

experiences

Schemas related to families in general, or ___ ___of family life

personal theories 

Assist family members with recognizing that they largely disturb themselves, and they can choose to not upset themselves about other persons’ misbehavior (no matter how other family members behave). 

A goal of REBT

Assist family members with maintaining their wishes, desires, and preferences while developing the ability to recognize and revise their musts (demands and commands that other family members act the way they would prefer them to act).  

A goal of REBT

Encourage parents and children to feel their healthy negative feelings; encourage them to change things when they are not getting what they want, in and out of the family setting. Teach them to clearly differentiate their healthy negative feelings from their unhealthy feelings. 

A goal of REBT

Teach family members cognitive, emotive, and behavioral techniques that will reduce their self-defeating behaviors and family-defeating behaviors and encourage them to think, feel, and behave more sensibly. 

A goal of REBT

While family members’ challenge their IBs (Irrational Beliefs), they can also work on changing the As (adversities) that contribute to these Bs (beliefs) in addition to the Cs (dysfunctional consequences) of the beliefs

A goal of REBT

This active approach is used to help clients determine the efficacy of their belief systems, and it is among the most well-known interventions. After clients are aware of the ABCs of REBT, disputing allows them to identify, debate, and ultimately replace their irrational beliefs. The therapist can take either a didactic or a Socratic approach to disputing. 

Disputing

An REBT technique: An informational portion of the session in which the therapist provides an explanation of different terms; he/she may explain the difference between irrational beliefs and rational beliefs. 

Didactic approach

An REBT technique:The therapist asks a series of leading questions so he/she can specifically identify how and where the client’s thinking, feeling, and behaving is becoming problematic. The therapist may ask the client a question such as “How is this belief affecting your life?” 

Socratic questioning

An REBT technique: This approach may be used to address a life-satisfaction issue and is useful for clients who have lost their perspective because they have been so focused on the identified problem. An example might be to ask the client, “Despite the fact that things will probably not go the way you want in this area, can you still derive some satisfaction from your life?”

Philosophical disputes

An REBT technique:This

approach is used to question the practical applications of some clients’ beliefs, emotions, and behaviors. For example, clients may be asked the following questions (Ellis & MacLaren, 2005, p. 60): How is continuing to think this way affecting your life?” Is the anger (or another emotion) helping you?” Are there other 

ways to get the positive consequences without getting yourself so upset?” 

Functional disputes

An REBT technique:These questions focus on factual components of the client’s beliefs. Some examples include the following: What factual evidence supports this belief?” Where is the proof that what you are telling yourself is true?” What evidence supports your belief?” What is the evidence against your belief?” 

Empirical disputes

Psychoeducation

An REBT technique:This is a self-statement that is a factual, encouraging phrase that clients are encouraged to consistently repeat to themselves, to reinforce ideas, for example, “I don’t have to get upset in these situations.” Statements that reflect a deeper philosophical acceptance are preferable, for example, “I don’t have to like that my partner keeps behaving in this way, but I had better deal with it without demanding that he change.” 

Rational coping statements

An REBT technique: This is a technique widely used in several different therapeutic approaches (not just REBT) that assists clients in gaining perspective on their problems. Therapists can encourage clients to find positive aspects in their problems. For example, the client may be asked to view an adversity as an opportunity to practice the tools he or she has learned in therapy

Reframing

An REBT technique: The therapist and the client identify a previously upsetting or potentially upsetting interaction with another person that the client would like to handle more effectively. The therapist and the client converse in their assigned roles. After the role play is finished, the therapist asks the client how he or she thinks it went, what he or she thought and felt during the role play, and if there is anything he or she would have liked to have done differently. The therapist can also provide the client with feedback about how he or she came across during the interaction. 

Role playing

The general intent is to extinguish undesired behaviors and reinforce positive alternatives. 

Goal of CBT Therapy

Redefining a family’s goal of decreasing negative behavior in terms of increasing incompatible, positive response.

A goal of CBT Therapy

CBT aims to teach communication, problem-solving, and negotiation skills.

A goal of therapy

Help family members to learn to identify the automatic thoughts that come into their minds. 

Goal of CBT therapy

Identify the strengths and problems in individuals, the couple or family, and the environment.

CBT Assessment

Place individual and family functioning in the context of developmental stages

CBT Assessment

Identify cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects of family interaction that might be targeted for intervention. 

CBT Assessment

Baseline: Frequency, intensity and duration of problem behavior. 

CBT Assessment

Functional Analysis: The therapist notes the ABC’s of the behavior and reinforcement patterns

CBT Assessment

Contract: Therapist and client make a contract that specifies desired behavior changes in measurable terms. 

CBT Assessment

New behaviors are learned through observation of behaviors of others and by witnessing their consequences. 

Modeling

Altering a person’s physiological response to a specific stimulus and is based on classical conditioning. A person is slowly exposed to the feared stimulus in incremental stages. 

Systematic Desentization

Establishes a relationship between a behavior and its consequences.

Reinforcement Schedules

Refers to a process in which a complex behavior is divided: reward and punishment are provided to these divisions until all the behaviors comprising the whole are elicited. 

Shaping

Asking a client to keep a record of the targeted problem behavior between sessions. It can be used to obtain a baseline. 

Charting

Extinguish a behavior by elimination the reinforcing consequences or by interrupting unwanted behavioral sequences between people.  

Time Out

System of rewards using points, which can be exchanged for reinforcing items or behaviors. 

Token Economy

Challenge the client's “irrational” beliefs about the problem situation that may be causing the situation. 

Disputing Irrational Beliefs

Educating clients on various topics in individual or group contexts. Communication, problem-solving, assertiveness, sexuality, and rational thinking. 

Psychoeducation

This idea in CBT while using a high probability behavior used to reinforce the behavior with a low probability

a. Schemas

b. Shaping

c. Token economies

d. Premack principle 

Premack principle

This schema of behavior disorder creates experiences which are interpreted as all good or all bad. 

a.  Dichotomous thinking

b. Overgeneralization

c. Arbitrary inference

d. Personalization 

Dichotomous thinking

This technique in CBT is a system of rewarding using points, which can be exchanged for reinforcing items or behaviors. 

a. Time Out

b. Reinforcement Schedule

c. Token Economy

d. Charting  

Token Economy

 At the end of assessment in the CBT model the therapist and client create a: 

a. Chart

b. Contract

c. Functional Analysis

d. Baseline

Contract

In Psychoanalysis, the therapist should perform all the following roles except:

a. Show empathy

b. Control the conversation

c. Be neutral

d. Tolerate Anxiety

Control the conversation

A client distorts his perception of his wife’s temperament by attributing his father’s anger from his

childhood onto his wife. She gets so frustrated with this that she yells at him. This is an example of:

a. Introjection

b. Splitting

c. Projection

d. Projective identification

Projective identification

A therapist becomes aware that her own views on a particular aspect of marital relations may be

affecting how she perceives the dynamics in a client couple. Is this:

a. Projection

b. Inappropriate

c. Countertransference

d. Inevitable

Countertransference

Who was one of the first psychoanalytically trained therapists to see the family as the basic unit of

treatment?

a. Minuchin

b. Scharff & Scharff

c. Freud

d. Ackerman

Ackerman