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| a relatively permanent behavior change due to experience |
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| linking two events that occur close together.......learning the certain events occur together |
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| type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate |
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| the view that psychology #1) should be an objective science that #2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most researcher psychologists today agree with (#1) but not with (#2) |
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| in classic conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning |
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| unconditioned response (UR) |
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| in classic conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth |
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| unconditioned stimulus (US) |
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| in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically- triggers a response |
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| conditioned response (CR) |
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| in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) |
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| conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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| in classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. |
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| 5 major conditioning processes |
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| acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination |
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| in classical conditioning the initial stage, when one lings a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. |
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| higher order conditioning |
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Definition
| a procedure which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus. for example, and animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (also called second-order conditioning) |
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| the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced |
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| the reappearance after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response |
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| the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit responses |
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| behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
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| a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened in follows by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
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| behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
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| thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely |
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| in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner Box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking |
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| an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
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| in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
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| increasing behavior by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. a positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response |
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| increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. a negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note:the negative reinforcement is not punishment) |
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| an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need |
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| a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer |
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| reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
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| partial (intermittent) reinforcement |
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| reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement |
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| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after an unpredictable number of responses |
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| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after and unpredictable number of responses |
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| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |
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| variable-interval schedule |
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| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforced a response at unpredictable time intervals |
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| a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. for example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if the have learned a cognitive map of it |
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| learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
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| learning by observing others |
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| the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |
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| frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. the brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy |
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| positive, constructive, helpful behavior. the opposite of antisocial behavior |
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