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| the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment |
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| the process if organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events |
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| analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information |
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| information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations |
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| the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them |
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| the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time |
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| below one's absolute threshold |
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| just noticeable difference, aka the minimum difference that a person can detect between any two stimuli half the time |
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| when an invisible image or word effects your response to a later question |
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| for their difference to be perceptible, two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion, not a constant amount |
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| our diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus |
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| the distance from one wave peak to the next |
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| the color we experience, such as blue or green |
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| the amount of energy in a light wave (as determined by the wave's amplitude, or height) |
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| a multi-layered tissue on the eye ball's sensitive inner surface |
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| when the lens focuses the rays by changing the curvature |
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| receptor cells in the retina that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones dont respond |
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| retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. the cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations |
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| the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain |
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| the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind spot" because no receptor cells are located there |
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| the central point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster |
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| nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of a stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement |
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| nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of a stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement |
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| processing multiple things at once (opposite is serial processing, which is step by step) |
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| Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory |
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| the response of various cones to different color stimuli... red green and blue |
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| the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black)enable color vision. for example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green. |
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| a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency |
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| number of complete waves that occur in a certain period of time... i.e. one complete wavelength in one second |
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| chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil , and stirrup/stapes) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window |
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| a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger impulses |
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| the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. |
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| the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts |
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| the sense of body movement and position. including the sense of balance |
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| the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. the "gate" is opened up by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain |
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| the principle that one sense may influence another. i.e. smell plus texture plus taste equals flavor |
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| an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes |
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| an organization of visual field of objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground) |
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| the perpetual tendency to organize stimuli in to coherent groups |
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| we group nearby figures together, |
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| we group similar figures together |
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| we perceive smooth,continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones |
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| because they are uniform and linked, we perceive each set of two dots and the line between them as a single unit |
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| we fill gaps to create a complete, whole object. |
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| three dimensional perception |
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| a laboratory device for testing the depth perception of infants and young animals |
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| depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes. |
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| a binocular cue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes the distance- the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object |
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| depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone. |
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| in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field |
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| perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color)even as illuminateion and retinal images change |
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| perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object |
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| a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another... i.e. cop with radar on the side of the road but all he really has is a hair dryer.... but we are conditioned to think that it is a radar gun thus influencing us to slow down |
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| a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another... i.e. cop with radar on the side of the road but all he really has is a hair dryer.... but we are conditioned to think that it is a radar gun thus influencing us to slow down |
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| the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy. clairvoyance, and precognition |
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| the study if paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis |
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