Term
| 5 Colonial powers in M.A. |
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Definition
Spain
Britain
France
The Netherlands
Denmark |
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Mexico
Central America
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Puerto Rico |
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Carribean coast of C. America
Belize
Jamaica
Trinidad
Barbados
Grenada
Bahamas |
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Haiti
GuadeloupeMartinique
St. Martin |
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| The Netherlands' colonial power |
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Definition
| St. Maarten, Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao |
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Indigenous peoples paid tribute to Spanish conquistadors
Labor and products
Education of language and religion in return |
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Gave Portugal Land east
Spanish granted all land west (carribean) |
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Indian labor mines and farms
Based on old tradition to supply labor for public works (roads, buildings, etc) |
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| Judicial districts put in Spain and colonies in 1500's |
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coastal cities
Havana
Santo Domingo
Veracruz
Acapulco |
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| Spain's Carribean Settlements |
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Definition
More military and bases
To protect mainland colonies |
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| focused on producing gold and silver to bring back to Europe |
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| Large ship that was sent back to Spain that held goods |
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| Private warships that were govt. authorized to attack tradeships of rival nations |
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French privateers
Ship's capt. and crew decided what to do |
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Port Royal, Jamaica- British outpost for British-contracted pirates
La Tortuga- French island |
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Term
| Agriculture in M.A. colonial times |
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Definition
Sugar- 1st crop
Ducth provided captial and technology (windmills)
African slave labor until 1570, then indian slave labor |
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silver was >50% of value of all exports of new Spain
relied on forced indian labor (repartamiento system) |
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| Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella |
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Definition
| 1469 Established the Catholic Monarchy |
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1468
right for monarchy to appoint clergy and assign them where they wanted |
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Term
| Why didn't indians have a problem being "converted" |
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Definition
| Were used to the conqueror's God as being the superior one |
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| How did most indians convert? |
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Definition
mass baptisms of people
Did not understand teachings |
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| Aztec and indian's religions were drawn parallel to Christianity and eventually blended together |
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| Similarities in myths of aztec/christianity |
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Definition
The great flood
Virgin birth of Christ/Quetzalcoatl |
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| 1531 appearance to Juan Diego that sparked catholic beliefs in Mexico |
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Belief that feminine is superior
Women's space is in the home |
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Belief in male superiority
Tied to degradation of women and the feminie
Mans place is outside the home |
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| Black Christ of Esquipulas |
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Definition
Black crucifix of Christ that tied together Mayan/christian beliefs
Guatemala
Edible clays |
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Sees Christ as both Redeemer and Liberator
Political activism to help the poor and oppressed |
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Benito Juarez
Appeal to poor and oppressd
Independent of foreign control-local/national movements |
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view haile selassie as the messiah
ganja is a sacrament |
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| granted all of the Carrib to Spain |
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Term
| 7 years war (French and Indian) |
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Definition
considered 1st world war
ended with Treaty of Paris 1763
France loss; British win |
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| spanish born but residing in the colonies |
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| Spanish descent but born in colonies |
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| process of mixed race peoples being in lowered social classes |
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slaves overthrow government
1804 |
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Criollo priest who worked with Indians
marched to Mexico City in 1810
executed in 1811 |
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1815-1821-guerilla warfare
Vicente Guerrero in Oaxaca
1820 Augustine Iturbide-switches with Guerrero and defeat Spain |
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| 3 guarantees of Mexican Dependence |
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Definition
Mexico independent monarchy
Criollos and peninsulares have equal rights
Catholic church maintains monopoly |
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Augustine Iturbide
1822
Bankrupted Mexico (allowed peninsulares to take all goods with them) |
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1836 signs peace treaty that loses Texas
Exiled until 1838 war with France
Had funeral for leg |
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1846 US declares war when Mexico wants Texas back
1848 treaty of guadalupe hidalgo- US gets land |
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Indian that is 1861 president of Mexico
France invades when he declares debt on them |
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| 1910 president of Mexico when he rigs an election |
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| Led the Liberation Army of the South of Mexico |
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| Militant and Violent rebel leader who wanted redistribution of land to soldiers and peasants |
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| kept Euros out of Latin America |
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Allows U.s. to come into Latin America
Benefited L.A. economies |
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| Franklin Roosevelt "good neighbor policy" |
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Definition
| Renounces military action in L.A., but we start to control Govt. officials |
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| U.S. media propraganda in newspapers slamming Mexico and gaining war support |
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Nicaragua wanted to build canal, U.S. prevented by supporting Civil War
Later supports contrarevolucionarios |
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| Dominican Republic and U.S. |
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| Papa Doc and the Tonton macoutes (death squads) |
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1951 President Arbenz
2% population owned 72% of land |
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1959 castro comes into power, Communisim
1962 U.S. places embargo |
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1974 independence
1979 team with Cuba communisim
Barbados and jamaica fight alongside US, defeat them in 2 days |
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mini UN
Latin American Countries
Promote Democracy and free trade |
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US is largest donor
only donates .1% of GDP |
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Studied population vs. food production (arithmatical growth)
Moral restraint, contraception, death would keep pop. in check |
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Dutch demographer
"as pop. increases, so will food production" |
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| number of live births per 1000 people in a year |
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| number of deaths per 1000 people in a year |
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| annual number of deaths of children less than 1 year old per 1000 live births |
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| total number of live births per woman throughout her reproductive years |
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(births - deaths)/population
Or
(CBR-CDR)/10 |
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:number of years it will take a population to double under current birth and death rates
Rule of 72 |
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| Demographic Transition Model |
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Definition
Warren Thompson
Showed how demographics and population progressed in 4 stages as civilzations developed |
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Definition
push people away from current/previous location
(ex. natural disasters) |
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Pull people to a new location
(ex. jobs) |
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| Problems with Rapid Urban Growth |
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Definition
Pollution
Congestion
Overcrowding/Shantytowns
Lack of urban services |
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Term
| Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos |
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Definition
Also known as Delegado Cero
Spokesperson for EZLN
Only non-indigenous leader in movement |
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| A complex series of economic, social, technological, and political changes seen as increasing interdependence and interaction between people and companies in disparate locations. |
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seeks to maximize profits
Minimize costs (cheaper labor, weaker environmental legislation)
Maximize revenues (larger consumer base) |
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| Economic impacts of globalization |
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Definition
Cheaper products (Walmart)
Declining real wages
Loss of jobs abroad
Impacts of trade liberalization
Higher wages
Environmental Costs |
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| Cultural impacts of globalization |
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Definition
Generic landscape
Loss of cultural heritage
Consumption/consumerism
Devaluation of the traditional |
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Term
| 3 General types of Economic Integration |
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Definition
Common market
Customs union
Free trade area |
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Definition
Two or more countries agree to remove tariffs and other barriers to trade
Examples:
NAFTA |
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Definition
Remove restrictions on trade between members
Establish common tariffs on all goods entering
Examples: Central American Common Mkt. |
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Free movement of goods, labor and capital between members
(Ex. European Union) |
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| CACM: Central America Common Market |
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Definition
Collapses in 1969 (Soccer War)
Reinstated 1991
Unified external tariffs but limited success at promoting trade within |
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Term
| LAFTA: Latin American Free Trade Association |
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Definition
Treaty of Montevideo 1960
South America + Mexico
Stymied by import substitution policies |
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| CARIFTA: Caribbean Free Trade Association |
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Definition
Formed 1965 out of West Indies Federation
English-speaking countries of Caribbean |
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| NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement |
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Definition
Early 1990s Mexico undergoing economic liberalization
Lift restrictions on imports
Privatization: banking, telephone
Eliminated most tariffs between members |
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| The North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation |
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Definition
Supplement to NAFTA 1994 by Clinton
Response to environmentalist concerns about the effects of NAFTA on the environment
Obligates members to enforce their own environmental laws but does not set standards for members |
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| The North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation |
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Definition
Supplement to NAFTA 1994 by Clinton
Resolution of labor problems
Promote cooperation between labor unions
Led to greater continuity of labor standards |
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Definition
Overall economic benefit to Mexico
Lower poverty rates
Increase in wages
Though benefits concentrated geographically in North Mexico |
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workers performing the processing/assembly for someone else
foreign-owned, controlled or subcontracted manufacturing plants that process or assemble imported components for export. |
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| Tecate 1964: Electrónica del Noroeste S.A., |
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4,000 maquiladoras
1.2 million employees.
49% of Mexico’s exports |
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Originally along the US/Mexico Border
Led to rapid growth in Mexican border towns
Throughout 1990’s spread across Mexico
2000’s moved into Central America |
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Definition
employs roughly 150,000 workers with over 700 maquiladoras
directly on the U.S. Mexico Border allowing for cheap shipment of assembled products directly into the U.S |
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Electronic equipment
Electric appliances
Auto parts
Clothing
Furniture |
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The typical maquiladora worker is a woman between the age of 18 and 25
Single
With no children |
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| Maquiladora work stresses |
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Definition
$4-10 a day
given pregnancy tests and fired if pregnant |
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columbus sailed
moorish occupation of Iberia done |
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| Feb 1519 Cortes lands on the Yucatan |
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| Suggested importation of slaves from Africa to replace indigenous work force but later recanted |
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Generally ‘all inclusive’ with limited impact on local economy
Pursued by Gov’t |
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| Pacific Resort Areas: Mexican Riviera |
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Definition
Cabo San Lucas
Mazatlan
Puerto Vallarta
Acapulco
Puerto Escondido |
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touring ecosystems of CA
Hard, soft ecotourism |
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Allows ship operator to avoid some taxes and regulations
Bahamas
Antigua
Panama
St. Vincent |
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Cruise ship passengers disembark for a short period of time
Bahamas 1.8 million
V. Islands 1.2 million |
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