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| The study or theory of reality. Questions what is reality? What is real? |
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| Philosophical investigation of the nature, constitution, and structure of reality. |
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| Distinction between world and universe? |
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world: abstract/immaterial ideas
universe: concrete/material ideas |
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| 3 broad approaches to Metaphysics |
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Definition
(1)Interesting problems
-not systematic or thorough, assumptions need to be answered
(2)Schools of thought
-clarity outside the school needed, system may avoid ques/answer bc its a S.O.T
(3)First principle |
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| 3 fundamentals of First Philosophy |
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Definition
(1)Analyze nature of existence
(2)Clarify general principles of existence by asking what we can say about something simply by the fact it exists "I am.." "He is.."
(3)Categorical analysis to determine metaphysical categories |
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| What is systematic philosophy? |
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Philosophical method in which the central idea is worked out and unifies a broad range or area.
Metaphysica, ethics, cosmology.. |
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The "whatness" of something.
Recipe, model, outline, framework.. |
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| Immaterial and iminent world. Forms cause instances. Also believed there was an order to things with Math being the highest, images being least important. |
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| Asked how forms cause instances? Found that if form causes instances and instances are somehow related to form then form must be related to another form. He believed the world is made up of form and matter (hylpmorphic composition) |
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| What is teleology? What are the 4 views that cause it? |
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The study of final cause, purpose or design.
(1)Material: what something is made of.
(2)Formal: the essence.
(3)Efficient: what brings the thing into being.
(4)Final: the end, or purpose of the thing. |
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| An attempt to cut away all unnecessary principles and realities. View known as nominalism: forms have no independent existence, merely words or names used to group things together by similar features. |
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| Difference between sensate and ideational? |
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Definition
Sensate: using senses.
Ideational: using the mind. |
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Something is clear if we cant help taking notice of it and its precise and detailed.
Pain, thrist, hunger |
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Something is distinct if it cant possibly be confused with anything else.
Toothache is clear bc you can feel the pain and distinct bc you can pinpoint the area of pain. |
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"I think, therefore I am"
Descartes famous conclusion to his doubting.
You cant doubt the ability to think bc if you're doubting, you're thinking, therefore you must be real. |
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| Descartes ideological argument |
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Definition
Idea of perfect being.
Idea not from nothing, nothing produces nothing.
Idea not from self, less than perfect isnt able to produce perfection.
Idea of perfection was placed in the mind by a perfect thing. |
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| Descartes ontological argument |
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Definition
Idea of most perfect being (MPB)
Idea implies real existence bc MPB existence is perfection necessary for MPB.
If really understand MPB then entails existence.
We all these hold true, arrive at God. |
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Matter with its motions and qualities.
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| Great Chain of Being view? |
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| Top-down view with God being the most important descending down to men and then dirt. |
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| Bottom-up view with physics being the most important going up through biology to anthropology up to theology. |
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| Descartes three fold project? |
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Definition
Mind- foundation
God- mediating
Matter- conclusion
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| Descartes radical approach to the mind? |
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Definition
The mind is a substance the whole essence or nature of which is to think.
"thinking substance" |
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Definition
(1)Consciousness
(2)Intentionality
(3)Subjectivity
(4)Mental causation |
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| two ideas that describe our world- mind and matter |
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| Mind- overt bodily behaviors |
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(1)Assume premises are possibly true.
(2)Determine whether its impossible for the conclusion to be false, given that the premises are possible true.
(3)If conclusion cant possibly be false, the argument is valid. |
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Definition
Straw man: cartoon of true argument so easy to refute.
Red herring: introduces unimportant topic to divert from main ques.
Loaded language: used to sway emotions of audience for or against argument.
False dilemma: failure to consider alternatives. |
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Definition
(1)Non-Contradiction: nothing can both be and not be at the same time in same respect.
(2)Excluded middle: something either is or is not.
(3)Identity: something is what it is or evertthing is itself and nothing else. |
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An attempt to show something is true by providing evidence for it.
Group of statements with evidence and conclusion backing info. |
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premises ensure conclusion.
If premises are true, conclusion must be true. Deals with necessarity.
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Premises suggest, induce, influence, persuade, not guarantee.
If premises are true, conclusion is probably true. |
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When all premises are actually true and the argument is valid and conclusion is necessarily and actually true.
What we strive for in real applicable logic arguments. |
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A mistake in reasoning.
Formal fallacie: mistake in the form of argument.
Informal fallacie: mistake in reasoning sue to relevance and clarity. |
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