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| "All men by nature desire to know" |
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Definition
| Quote by Aristotle explaining reality |
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A definition by a philospher who categorizes what all reality is through a broad principle
i.e. reality is thought, anything that can be though is reality |
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| 4 examples of (incorrect) reality principles |
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Definition
1. reality is matter
2. reality is in constant change/movement
3. reality is what is perceived/experienced
4. reality is what is thought i.e. if not thought, does not exist |
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| Aristotle Reality Principle |
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Definition
| because things are, I can know them. knowing depends on reality not vice versa i.e. you are tall not because I say so, but because your are in effect (in reality) tall. |
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spiritual, not material so we are not material beings
i.e. if were material beings we would have set purpose and no free will/choices which are determined by our intellect/freedoms |
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| term for metaphysics, an explanation of all of reality |
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It is wisdom itself, an ordering science
speculative science, not practical
knowledge for knowledge sake |
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| philosophies derived from the first philosophy(metaphysics), all sciences/philosophies outside of meta. i.e. philosophy of man, morality, nature |
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Metaphysics
deals with beings and all beings unlike second philosophies i.e. ethics deals with specific ethics of man, chemistry deals with chemicals and reactions only |
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| the science of all things naturally knowable to man's unaided powers in so far as they are studied in their deepest causes and reasons |
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body of knowledge that is complete, systematic and evidenced (reasoned not experimental evidence)
knowledge of things through their causes |
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| Metaphysics- because study of ultimate or highest causes of things |
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An ultimate cause is the greater first cause of something.
i.e. the governor is the cause of a child failing in school because they decide on the budget, the budget gets broken down by lower officials, the school decides how to use the lower budget by firing teachers, the child has no teacher as a tutor, the child fails |
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An immediate cause
i.e. a degree is the immediate cause of getting a job, college courses are the immediate cause of a degree |
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| Principle of non-contradiction |
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Definition
It is impossible to be and to not be at the same time.
i.e. you cannot be wise at math while also being ignorant at math at the same time |
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| Internal Cause of Reality |
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Definition
| internal causes that consitute things and affect their way of being or acting i.e. material and formal causes |
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| External Causes of Reality |
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| Influence effects from the outside i.e. efficient and final causes |
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| Transcendental properties of beings |
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Definition
| all beings have transcendental properties but all beings do not have matter |
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| Totality of things studied by scientific knowledge |
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| aspect under which the material object is studied |
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| something endowed with the property of being i.e. chair, man, diamond, rock, water since all defined as realities/things (which is being) |
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| being as being, study of things from the viewpoint of their being, what all things have in common (that they are) |
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| what a thing is, esse= that it is |
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Definition
General meta.= study of real beings and their constitutive principles
Gnoseology= study of beings as known, being in the mind, beings of reason
natural theology= gives metaphysical arguments for existence of God and tells of his essence |
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meta= beyond or after
so beyond or after phsyics, nature |
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5th century B.C. philosopher, founder of western meta. (before term coined)
being= permenant, unchanging in contrast to changing world
change as an illusion to senses |
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Definition
Early 4th century B.C. philosopher
being found in ideas alone which are unchanging
sensible world only a copy of ideal world
world of forms seperate from sensible world |
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| "being becomes dependent on thought" Descartes |
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| 18th century philosopher believed that speculative reason can only be applied to sensible world (what is known, experienced). Since God is supersensible, speculative reason (metaphysics) can make no argument about God. This interpretation makes Kant agnostic. |
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| 19th century philo.- creates idealist metaphysics "what's real is the rational and what's is rational is real" |
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| 19th century group that opposed metaphsyics. ideal: if cannot know supersensible (God), than cannot name supersensible. If cannot know or name than cannot talk about it so all metaphysical arguments useless. |
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| new form of meta. by Bergson and Jean Paul Sartre 20th c. Atheistic existentialism (Sartre): man has no essence so no meaning, must create own meaning. |
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| Spontaneous knowledge of reality |
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Definition
| Due to reason, we all have knowledge regarding reality e.g. we all know what we mean by being, truth, good, etc. "All men by nature desire to know" Aristotle |
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| Examples of scientists who are influenced by philosophy |
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Definition
| Einstein, Heisenberg, Planck, DeBroglie, Bohr, Schrodiger |
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| soul, anger, joy, deeper personality traits than eye can see |
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| also known as accidents. e.g. skin color, hair color, tall, short, etc. |
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| If no comparable evidence of something, then cannot exist |
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| Principle of causality vs. principle of finality |
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| causality worries about the why? while finality worries about the what, how? e.g. biology studies how something works and what makes it work in that way, phsyics studies why things act the way they act and why |
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| being cannot be strictly defined, takes in all things so no broader definition |
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| something that has being, the being of the thing, something which exists in reality |
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| a way of being the way it is, different essences, i.e. a man and dog are both beings yet they have different essences so are named different |
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| Duality of constitutive principles |
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Definition
| 2 principles which cannot be disassociated i.e. essence and being |
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| 4 characteristics of the act of being |
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Definition
1. being is an act (perfection, property) of things, degrees of being i.e. whiteness, redness, God is being itself, pure being
2. being is a universal act, everything that "is" has being
3. being is a total act, it applies to everything of the being in question i.e. the tree is, its leaves are, its trunk is
4. being is the most constitutive and radical act, being makes things be, being has priority of all acts |
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| being is an intensive act, not a primary act as being is primary act but intensive act varies amongst things as each thing has levels of acts i.e. the redness of one being varies from the redness of another being |
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| existing is not being. being is intensive as in has degrees, existing either is or is not as the result of being. |
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