Term
| What produces energy from the sun? |
|
Definition
| Plants and other phytosynthetic organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A series of steps that converts a molecule into a product |
|
|
Term
| What catalyzes each step in a metabolic reaction? |
|
Definition
| A specific enzyme catalyzes each specific step |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Metabolic pathways that breakdown complex molecules into simpler ones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metabolic pathways that build complex molecules from simpler ones. |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a catabolic pathway? |
|
Definition
| Cellular Respiration. Releases energy by breaking down glucose and other organic fuels |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of an anabolic pathway? |
|
Definition
| Photosynthesis. Consumes energy (light) to produce glucose and oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is potential energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of energy? |
|
Definition
| Chemical Energy, Radiation Energy, and Thermal Energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The energy stored in molecular bonds |
|
|
Term
| What kind of energy is released by catabolic pathways? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of energy is used during photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kinetic energy of atomic motion. Heat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any form of energy can be converted to any other form of energy BUT is never created or destroyed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All transfers and transformations increase the entropy of the universe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a quantity that measures disorder or randomness |
|
|
Term
| What is lost in all energy transformations? |
|
Definition
| useful energy in the form of heat |
|
|
Term
| As heat increases atomic motion _____ increases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The energy in a system that is available to do work. Useful energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to a system as the free energy increases? |
|
Definition
| The system becomes less stable -> can do more work |
|
|
Term
| What happens to a system as the free energy decreases? |
|
Definition
| The system becomes more stable -> can do less work |
|
|
Term
| How can all energy transformations be described? |
|
Definition
| by the change in free energy |
|
|
Term
| What must happen in order for a process to occur spontaneously? |
|
Definition
| There must be a decrease in free energy. (-_G) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -reactions that release energy |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of an Exergonic Reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - reactions that absorb energy |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Endergonic Reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the equations for cellular respiration and photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can the released free energy do in a spontaneous metabolic reaction? |
|
Definition
| The released free energy can be harnessed to do work. |
|
|
Term
| How does a cell keep its metabolic pathways from reaching equilibrium? |
|
Definition
| By using catabolic pathways in which a series of exergonic reactions release energy. The products of one reaction are the reactants to the next. |
|
|
Term
| How do cells drive endergonic reactions? |
|
Definition
| By using the energy released from exergonic reactions. |
|
|
Term
| Why does a phosphate molecule break off from the triphosphate group of ATP sponateously? |
|
Definition
| Because the negative charges on the phosphate groups repel one another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions. The overall _G is negative, so together the reaction is sponateous. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed or changed by the reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The initial energy required to place reactant molecules in an unstable state. |
|
|
Term
| What types of molecules are most likely to undergo energy transformations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What often provides activation energy? |
|
Definition
| heat. It causes the molecules to be less stable. |
|
|
Term
| What lowers activation energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reactant molecule that enzymes bind to |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Region of enzyme that binds substrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combination of enzyme and substrate molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When substrate binds, enzyme changes shape to hold substrate tightly |
|
|
Term
| Where does enzyme specificity arise from? |
|
Definition
| The shape of the active site. |
|
|
Term
| How do enzymes lower activation energy? |
|
Definition
| 1. Position two substrates so that bonds can form |
|
|
Term
| What factors effect enzyme specificity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does temperature effect enzyme specificity? |
|
Definition
| Low temps decrease molecular motion, making substrate-enzyme collisions less likely. High temps denature the enzyme |
|
|
Term
| How does pH effect enzyme specificity? |
|
Definition
| enzyme denatures at too high or too low of pH. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibitor molecule binds to active site, preventing binding of substrate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibitor molecule binds to site other than active site, changing the shape of the active site, therefore not allowing binding of substate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binding of a molecule at one site of an enzyme affects function at another site. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecule that stabilizes the active form of an enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecule that stabilizes the inactive form of an inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| What does allosteric regulation control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allosteric inhibition of a metabolic pathway by the product of that pathway. The end product binds inhibitorily to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three stages of cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle? |
|
Definition
| Pyruvate from glycolysis enter mitochondria and is converted to acetyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| What does glycolysis produce? |
|
Definition
| 1 glucose produces 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP and NADH |
|
|
Term
| What does the glycolysis/citric acid junction produce? |
|
Definition
| 2 pyruvate produce 2 acetyl CoA, 2 NADH and 2 CO2 |
|
|
Term
| Where does he citric acid cycle occur and what does it require? |
|
Definition
| The krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and requires oxygen |
|
|
Term
| What is the finction of the krebs cycle? |
|
Definition
| oxidation of organic compounds derived from acetyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| How many steps are in the citric acid cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many turns of the citric acid cycle are there for every glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For every acetyl CoA, what does the citric acid cycle produce? |
|
Definition
| 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, 2 CO2 |
|
|
Term
| For every glucose, what does the citric acid cycle produce? |
|
Definition
| 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 1 ATP, 2 CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain. |
|
|
Term
| Where does the tranformation of chemical energy come from? |
|
Definition
| The transfer of electrons from one atom to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transfer of electrons from one reactant to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atom that loses electrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atom that gains electrons |
|
|
Term
| Describe the potential energy of polar vs nonpolar molecules |
|
Definition
| Nonpolar- high potential energy |
|
|
Term
| What makes oxygen a strong oxidizer? |
|
Definition
| its high electronegativity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extracting chemical energy from complex organic molecules |
|
|
Term
| How much energy does cellular respiration produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the energy from cellular respiration used to produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the oxidizing agent of cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
| Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) |
|
|
Term
| During respiration, electrons are transferred from _____ to _____ throught the electron transport chain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does respiration harvest chemical energy? |
|
Definition
| Through transfer of electrons from organmic compounds to oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| Where does glycolysis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only stage of respiration that does not require oxygen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function if glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| Glycolysis breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules |
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway that involves how many steps? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For every glucose molecule, how many ATP are invested during glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the energy payoff of every glucose molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the energy an object has because of its posistion or shape |
|
|
Term
| Gravitational Potential Energy |
|
Definition
| a force that opposes gravitational force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the total energy of motion and position of an object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the total energy of the particles that make up an object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the energy of a compund that changes as the atoms are rearranged to form new compounds |
|
|
Term
| Gravitational Potential Energy=? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mass x velocity x velocity x 1/2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| potential energy + kinetic energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the energy of moving electrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by an objects vibrations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by the vibratons of electrically charged particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the energy associated with changes in the nucleus of an atom |
|
|
Term
| potential energy that depends on the height of an object |
|
Definition
| gravitational potential energy |
|
|
Term
| the energy of electric charges |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| kinetic or potential energy associated with motion or postition of an object |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the rule that energy can not be created or destroyed |
|
Definition
| law of conservation of energy |
|
|
Term
| the process of changing one form of energy to another |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the energy of stretched or compressed objects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the process of burning a fuel to produce thermal energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the potential energy stored in the nucleus of an atom |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| energy that an object has due to its motion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a material such as coal that forms over millions of years from the remains of ancient plants and animals; burned to release chemical energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the abiltiy to do work or cause change |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the potential energy stored in chemical bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the total potential and kinetic energy of the particles of an object |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anything that has mass and takes up space |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the energy of light and other forms of radiation |
|
Definition
|
|
