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metabolism
n/a
62
Biochemistry
Undergraduate 2
04/30/2013

Additional Biochemistry Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Range of blood glucose
Definition
4.5-5 millimolar
Term
What happens when you have high serum glucose?
Definition

high serum glucose

pancreatic beta cells 

insulin

low serum glucose

Term
what happens when you have low serum glucose?
Definition

low serum glucose

pancreatic alpha cells

glucogan

high serum glucose

Term
What makes it possible to start digesting in the mouth?
Definition
lingual amylase
Term
protein on the outer membrane of cells
Definition
GLUT
Term
GLUT
Definition

allow glucose to flow into cell

extremely specific

Term
four types of GLUT
Definition

GLUT I

GLUT II

GLUT III

GLUT IV

 

Term
GLUT I & GLUT III
Definition

present under normal physiological conditions

(normal door)

Term
GLUT IV
Definition

inducible by high serum glucose levels

(double door)

Term
GLUT II
Definition

lets glucose come in uninhibited

sensing mechanism for the liver, alpha and beta cells

trigger for production of insulin or glucagon

(barn door)

Term
Glycolosis
Definition

metabolic pathway

glucose-------->pyruvate

Term
ATP
Definition

high energy molecule

negative charge density

when take/split phosphate off... releaving negative charge repulsion.... more stable

12 resonance structures when 3 phosphates connected.... 24 resonance structires when 1 phosphate is split off... more stable

Term
where does glycolosis and krbs cycle take place?
Definition

glycolos--->cytoplasm

krebs cycle--->mitochondria

Term
every one molecule of glucose is how many ATP during one glycolosis?
Definition
7 ATP
Term
1 NADH=???ATP
Definition
2.5 ATP
Term
1FADH2=???ATP
Definition
1.5ATP
Term
Why does ATP double after the split in glycolosis?
Definition
principle of equillibrium and lashantianays principle
Term
Glycolosis is how many ATP, GTP, NADH, FADH2?
Definition

ATP--->(-2)(+2*2)

NADH--->(1*2)

Term
Other names for the Krebs cycle?
Definition

Krebs cycle

TCA cycle (Tri-carbocylic acid cycle)

Citric acid cycle

 

Term
How many ATP, NADH,GTP, FADH2 in KREBS?
Definition

ATP---> 

NADH---> (+4*2)

GTP---> (+1*2)

FADH2--->(+1*2)

Term
Every Krebs cycle produces how many ATP total?
Definition
20 ATP
Term
What is the step that the pyruvate turns to the Acetyl coenzyme A?
Definition
pyruvate dehydrogenase
Term
Complex I
Definition

Where NADH goes in the electron transport chain to start

4H+ cross the membrane

Term
What is produced during pyruvate dehydrogenase?
Definition

NADH

and 

AcCOA

Term
Calculations of total ATP through glycosis, PDH, and krebs cycle
Definition

glycosis--->7 ATP

PDH--->5 ATP

Krebs cycle--->20 ATP

Term
[image]
Definition
Electron transport chain
Term
Coenzyme Q
Definition

mobile electron carrier

stays in membrane

next step after complex I

Term
Cytochrome C
Definition

mobile electron carrier

stays on outer surface of membrane

next step after complex III

Term
Complex III
Definition

next step after coenzyme Q

4H+ go through membrane

Term
Complex IV
Definition

2H++1/2O2----->H2O

2H+ go through membrane

next step after cyt C

Term
Complex II
Definition

does no t pump H+

does not span whole membrane

where FADH2 enters electron transport chain

Term
[image]
Definition
electron transport chain with FADH2
Term
[image]
Definition

Process of ATP transporting out of matrix to be used

uses one H+

Term
Adenine nucleoide transporter
Definition
doesnt cost energy because net charge of (-) is being shipped to (+) side
Term
Phosphate transporter
Definition

sends (-) to (-) side 

cost energy

allows H+ to come with it for net movement of charge 0

Term
[image]
Definition
NADH calculations----> 2.5ATP
Term
[image]
Definition
FADH2 calculations----> 1.5ATP
Term
FAHD2 steps
Definition
same as NADH minus the 4H+ from complex I because FADH2 starts at complex II
Term
Making glycogen steps (synthesis)
Definition

glycogen synthase

glycogen branching

Term
degrading of glycogen (degradation)
Definition

glycogen phosphorylase

glycogen debranching enzyme

Term
glycogen synthase
Definition

generates linear alpha (1-->4) glycogen chain

no branches

Term
glycogen branching
Definition
enzyme generates alpha(1-->6) branch points
Term
glycogen phosphorylase
Definition

enzyme that breaks glycogen down

cuts one at a time

stops 2 glucose away from branch point

Term
glycogen debranching enzyme
Definition

breaks down branch points

transferase

glucosidase

Term
transferase
Definition
moves the four glucose glycogen phosphorylase couldnt break down to the next linear line of glucoses
Term
glucosidase
Definition
cuts/chops off branch points
Term
[image]
Definition

regulation of glycogen metabolism in the liver

low serum glucose

Term
[image]
Definition

insulin regulation 

high serum glucose

Term
adenylate cyclase
Definition
makes ATP cyclic
Term
kinase
Definition
adds phosphates
Term
Protein kinase A
Definition

adds phosphate to protein

regulates protein activity

turns off glycogen synthase

turns on glycogen phosphorlase

Term
Fatty Acid synthesis
Definition

occurs in cytoplasm

condensation--->reduction--->dehydration--->reduction

every round adds 2 carbons

Term
Fatty acid degredation
Definition

mitochondrial matrix

aka... beta oxidation

oxidation--->hydration--->oxidation--->thiolysis/cleaving

 

Term
storage of fatty acid
Definition

triacyl glycerol 

in adipocytes

Term
Krebs produces
Definition

1FADH2

3NADH

1GTP

Term
beta oxidation produces
Definition

1NADH

1FADH2

Term
why use carnitine?
Definition

AcCOA cant pass through to go to matrix from cytoplasm

carnitine can pass through

Term
carnitine Acyl transferase I
Definition

exchange AcCOA and carnitine 

can go through membrane

carnitine on

Term
carnitine acyl transporter
Definition

transports carnitine fatty acid through membrane

only with carnitine

Term
carnitine acyl transferase II
Definition

exchange AcCOA and carnitine so beta oxidation can happen

carnitine off

Term
oxidation
Definition
OH--->  =O
Term
reduction
Definition
=O ---> OH
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