Term
| In which tissues is GLUT1 present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which tissues is GLUT2 expressed? |
|
Definition
| liver, pancreas, intestine, kidney |
|
|
Term
| In which tissues is GLUT4 expressed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell membranes are ___________ to glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acetyl-CoA enters the TCA cycle in the _________, is oxidized to ____ and ____, and produces ____ in the process of oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| mitochondria, CO2, H2O, ATP |
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|
Term
| GLUT4 requires _____ to stimulate the uptake of glucose |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose to ______ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The phosphorylation of glucose to G-6-P requires ___, ___, and ___ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In RBCs, the activity of hexokinase _______ with age |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Hexokinase is inhibited by _________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is glucokinase found? |
|
Definition
| liver and pancreatic beta cells, small intestine, hypothalamus |
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|
Term
| Glucokinase is the glucosensor of the beta cell that regulates ________ secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In adipose tissue, glucose is used for generation of _____ and _____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Fast twitch muscle fibers use glucose for _______ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Glycogen is stored in _____ and _____ cells |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Anaerobic respiration produces _____ as an end product |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The hexose monophosphate shunt produces _____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The uronic acid pathway produces _____________ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| _____ is the major storage form of carbohydrates in animals |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Liver glycogen serves as a glucose reserve for maintaining _____________ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Muscle glycogen is used as a fuel reserve for ___ within the muscle |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ________ triggers mobilization of muscle glycogen to form ATP |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Glycogen is composed of _______ molecules linked together by _________________ |
|
Definition
| glucose, alpha [1-4] glucosidic linkages |
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|
Term
| Branching in glycogen occurs by ______________________ |
|
Definition
| alpha [1-6] glucosidic linkages |
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|
Term
| Does metabolism of fat or glycogen provide more energy? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
True or False:
Animals cannot convert fatty acids to glucose |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Glucose-6-phosphatase converts glucose-6-phosphate to ____________ + Pi |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| _____ cells contain glucose-6-phosphatase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
ATP is used during the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to free glucose in the liver |
|
Definition
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|
Term
True or False:
Muscle cells contain glucose-6-phosphatase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epinephrine and glucagon are ______ hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucagon and epinephrine activate cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP then activates _____________. This activated enzyme then takes a phosphate from ATP and uses it to deactivate ________. |
|
Definition
| protein kinase A, glycogen synthase |
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|
Term
| Stress hormones _______ glycogen synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ is an enzyme which converts glucose to glycogen. If polymerizes the first few molecules of glucose, then ___________ takes over. |
|
Definition
| Glycogenin, glycogen synthase |
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|
Term
| (Glucose)n + glucose + 2 ___ --> (Glucose)n+1 + 2 ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin _______ glycogen synthesis |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Insulin stimulates dephosphorylation of ___________ and also dephosphorylates _____________ |
|
Definition
| glycogen phosphorylase a, glycogen synthase b |
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|
Term
| NADPH is needed for synthesis of _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hexose monophosphate pathway synthesizes _____ and _____ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| When ______ reserves in the liver are filled, glucose enters the ____________ pathway. |
|
Definition
| glycogen, pentose phosphate |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The hexose monophosphate shunt does not generate ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Functions of Glycolysis:
1. The generation of ___ and ___ as energy sources.
2. Production of _____ for the TCA cycle in _____ respiration.
3. The production of various 3- and 6-carbon intermediates. |
|
Definition
1. ATP, NADH
2. pyruvate, aerobic |
|
|
Term
| The conversion of glucose to pyruvate yields a net ____ of ____ ATP molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first reaction of glycolysis is the conversion of _______ to ______ through phosphorylation. This step requires ___. |
|
Definition
| glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, ATP |
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|
Term
| In reaction #2 of glycolysis, ______ is isomerized to _______ |
|
Definition
| glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate |
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|
Term
| In the third reaction of glycolysis, fructose-6-phosphate is _________ by __________ to form ________ |
|
Definition
| phosphorylated, phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), fructose-1,6,-bisphosphate |
|
|
Term
| ______ is the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis. |
|
Definition
| Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) |
|
|
Term
| PFK-2 produces ________, which ______ PFK-1. |
|
Definition
| Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, stimulates |
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|
Term
| The fourth reaction of glycolysis is the _______ of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to form ___________ and __________ |
|
Definition
| cleavage, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate |
|
|
Term
Inhibitors of PFK-1:
______, ______, ______, ______ |
|
Definition
| ATP, phosphocreatine, citrate, glucagon |
|
|
Term
Glucagon ______ glycolysis and _______ gluconeogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stimulators of PFK-1:
______, ______, ______, ______ |
|
Definition
| ADP, AMP, fructose-6-phosphate, inorganic phosphate |
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|
Term
| Accumulation of lactic acid leads to ________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The TCA cycle occurs in the __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pyruvate is converted to ________ by pyruvate dehydrogenase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Acetyl-CoA cannot convert back to glucose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ and ________ cannot leave the mitochondria, but combine to form ________ which can leave the mitochondria. |
|
Definition
| Acetyl-CoA, oxaloacetate, citrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alanine amino transferase |
|
|
Term
| ___ is commonly measured clinically to screen hepatic necrosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another name for ALT is ______ |
|
Definition
| serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) |
|
|
Term
| The polyol pathway is responsible for _______ and _______ formation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When glucose enters the eye, _________ metabolizes glucose to ________, which is then metabolized to __________ by ___________. |
|
Definition
| aldose reductase, sorbitol, fructose, sorbitol dehydrogenase |
|
|
Term
| In diabetes, _______ cannot keep up with the increase of ________, causing cataracts. |
|
Definition
| sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), sorbitol |
|
|
Term
| ___________ is the rate-limiting enzyme in the polyol pathway. |
|
Definition
| Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) |
|
|
Term
| ~80% of glucose goes to the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ and _____ tissues can create free glucose using the enzyme ______________. |
|
Definition
| liver, kidney, glucose-6-phosphatase |
|
|
Term
| Gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in the _____ but also a little in the _____. |
|
Definition
| liver, cortex of the kidneys |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis cannot occur at the same time. |
|
Definition
| False: glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are always occurring simulatneously |
|
|
Term
| What does the conversion of glucogenic amino acids to glucose create? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lactate produced during anaerobic respiration is transported to the _____ before it can be converted to ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______, _______, and _______ are ketogenic amino acids. |
|
Definition
| leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan |
|
|
Term
| Amino acids that form acetyl-CoA for gluconeogenesis are _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amino acids that form TCA cycle intermediates and pyruvate are __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If there is not a lot of glucose, acetyl-CoA combines with itself to make ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ (gluconeogenic substrate) is a significant source of glucose in hibernating animals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycerol is converted to glucose in the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ produced from microbial carbohydrate digestion in herbivores is a major hepatic gluconeogenic substrate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In gluconeogenesis, ammonia can be removed from ________ to yield oxaloacetate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ adds CO2 to pyruvate in the mitochondrial matrix to form oxaloacetate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis are stimulated by _____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ converts fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate. |
|
Definition
| fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase |
|
|
Term
| Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is involved in ________, while phosphofructokinase is involved in _________. |
|
Definition
| gluconeogenesis, glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| The major enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis are __________, __________, and __________. |
|
Definition
| PEP carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase |
|
|
Term
| The TCA cycle occurs in the ________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The TCA cycle creates compounds that can go into the _____________________ pathway to make ATP. |
|
Definition
| oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| Acetyl-CoA enters the TCA cycle and combines with __________ to form __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acetyl-CoA has __ carbon molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pyruvate has __ carbon molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxaloacetate has __ carbon molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Citrate has __ carbon molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ is the enzyme that combines acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to form _______. |
|
Definition
| Citrate synthase, citrate |
|
|
Term
| The TCA cycle generates _____ and _____ which are needed for oxidative phosphorylation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The overall reaction of the TCA cycle is:
|
|
Definition
| Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2 H2O --> 2 CO2 + 3 NADH + FADH2 + GTP + CoA-SH |
|
|
Term
| The electric transport chain is also known as the ___________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ETC is a series of protein complexes within the ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is the final e- acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ETC is runs due to a _______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The final enzyme in oxidative phosphorylation is _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Uncoupling destroys the _________, which prevents ________ from functioning properly. |
|
Definition
| H+ gradient, ATP synthase |
|
|
Term
| Uncoupling allows _______ to pass into the mitochondria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Uncoupling oxidation from phosphorylation creates ________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brown adipose tissue contains abundant __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brown adipose tissue is seen mainly in _______, _______, and _______. |
|
Definition
| newborn babies, hibernating animals, migrating birds |
|
|
Term
| Brown adipose tissue is specialized for _____ generation. |
|
Definition
|
|
