Term
| What are the main forms of energy inside the body? |
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Definition
| Heat, Chemical, Mechanical, Light, Sound, Entropy, free energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Measure of innate directionality and theoretical free energy release of a chemical reaction |
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Term
| What direction do all reactions proceed in? |
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Definition
| Proceed in direction of increased entropy and release of free energy |
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Term
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Definition
| A scientific measure of disorder |
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Term
| What sign does free energy carry? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the splitting of ATP called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the products of ATP hydrolysis? |
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Definition
| ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and Pi(inorganic phosphate) |
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Term
| What is the standard free energy of hydrolysis under test tube conditions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the standard energy of hydrolysis within the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cellular source of immediated energy provides a reserve of phosphate energy to regenerate ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
| What ennzyme catalyzes the reaction between Creatine phosphate and ADP? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which enzyme has the ability to generate one ATP and two ADPs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is yielded from a reaction of 2 ADPs and myokinase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three sources of immediate energy? |
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Definition
| ATP, Creatine Phosphate, and Myokinase(adenylate kinase) |
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Term
| How many ATPs are generated through glycolyisis? |
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Definition
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Term
| When are nonoxidative energy sources called upon? |
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Definition
| When muscle contraction lasts more than a few seconds |
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Term
| What does glycolysis inevitably result in? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are potential oxidative energy sources for muscle? |
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Definition
| Sugars, CHO, fats, and some amino acids |
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Term
| How many ATPs are produceds through oxidated metabolism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the only way fat can be catabolized? |
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Definition
| Through oxidative processes |
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Term
| What is the only way amino acids can be catabolized? |
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Definition
| Through oxidative processes |
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Term
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Definition
| Switching nitrogen in amino acids to another compound |
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Term
| Where does nitrogen removal occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a modulator which slows enzymatic function? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Is ATP an inhibitor or a stimulator? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does ATP inhibit in resting muscle? |
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Definition
| CHO, Fat, and amino acid breakdown |
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Term
| What is the product of PCr +ADP with use of enzyme Creatine Kinase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the myokinase reaction? |
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Definition
| ADP+ADP->myokinase->ATP + AMP |
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Term
| Where are ATP and PCr stored? |
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Definition
| Within contactile mechanisms |
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Term
| How long are ATP-PCr activities? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes protein difficult to catabolize? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do oxidative reactions take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does glycolysis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main enzyme involved in glyconeogenolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main allosteric enzyme regulating glycolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What temperature can denature many enzymes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Substrate concentrations that gives 50% of Vmax. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of heat energy needed to raise i kg or water i degree C at 15 degrees C |
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Term
| What is direct calorimetry? |
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Definition
| Measure of body's heat production to calculate energy expenditure |
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Term
| What is indirect calorimety? |
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Definition
| Calculates energy expenditure from respiratory ration RER |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What is the RER value for rest? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is RER during maximal exercise? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the relationship between myocardial stretch and stroke volume known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is used to produce ATP with RER closer to 1? |
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Definition
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Term
| When RER is 1.0, the consumption of 1 L of O2 releases how many kcal? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the measurement of RQ taken? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the food quotient equal to? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Minimum energy required for essential physiological function |
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Term
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Definition
| minimum energy required for normal daily activity |
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Term
| From what three areas does total energy expenditure come from |
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Definition
| Thermic effect of food (TEA), Resting metabolic rate, physical activity |
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Term
| What is the general REE (RMR) in adults? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the most CHO stored? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many kcals are stored in skeletal muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the main fuels of oxidative metabolism? |
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Definition
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Term
What does the presence of glucose in adipose cells do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the recommended daily allowance for dietary cho? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens to pyruvate no immediately entering mitochondria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do FADH and NADH do? |
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Definition
| Function to consece and transport reducing equivalents within a cell |
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Term
| What does NADH do what glycolysis procees slowly? |
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Definition
| Tansports hydrogen and electrons to mitochondria. |
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Term
| How many moles of ATP are produced from on mole of glycogen? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many moles of ATP are formed from one mole of glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when too much pyrucvate is present? |
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Definition
| Pyruvate is turned to lactate via LDH |
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Term
| Lactate is major fuel for? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the pKa or lactic acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the pH of lactate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when G6P levles increase? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can G6P be increased? |
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Definition
| Stimulation of glycogenolysis by epine[hrine and contractions, and glucose uptake. |
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Term
| Where does feedback control uauLLT EWAISW? |
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Definition
| PFK to speed or slow regulatory enzymes |
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Term
| When glycolysis is slow, LDH is in comperition with mitochondria for what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does lactate oxidation take place? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| muscle glycogen->muscle lactate->blood lactate->liver glucose ->muscle glycogen |
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Term
| What does the addition of 2 hydrogen atoms to pyruvate form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of NAD and FAD? |
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Definition
| These are to transport electrons through the electron transport chain |
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Term
| Which part of the mitochondria contains exchange enzymes for transport? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where in the mitochondria are the LDH and kreb cycle enzymes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria? |
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Definition
| oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
| Where is carnitine transferase found? |
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Definition
| The innter wall of the mitochondria |
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Term
| NADH is equivalent to how many ATPs |
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Definition
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Term
| Each FADH is equal to how many ATPs |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the electron transport chain located? |
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Definition
| inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| For each NADH entering the ETC, how many protons are pumped out? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens outside the mitochondrian during ETC |
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Definition
| A region of decreased pH and positive charge is created. |
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Term
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Definition
| NADH dehydrogenase complex->ubiquinone ->Cytochrome b-c->ctochrome c-> cytochrome oxidase complex -> atpase |
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Term
| How is pyruvate converted to ACoA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the products of the Kreb cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the making of triglycerides |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the esterification |
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Definition
| attachment of fatty acids to a glycerol by means of o2 |
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Term
| What enzyme is required for esterification? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mobilization of fat is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is used to break down tryglycerides in adipose tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| How many carbons are lost in each cycle of the B-Oxidation pathway |
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Definition
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Term
| How many carbons are in each acetyl CoA |
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Definition
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Term
| What is PFK inhibited by? |
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Definition
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Term
| Citrate is a byproduct of? |
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Definition
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Term
| High production of Acetyl CoA implies what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| removal of amion froud from a molecule taking place in the liver |
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Term
| What is work due to preload called? |
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Definition
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