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metabolic pathways
metabolic patheways
18
Health Care
Graduate
08/28/2007

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Term
glycolysis
Definition
1. occurs in cytosol
2. produces ATP, NADH, H+, pyruvate
3. Immediate source of energy (limited amounts)
4. coupled to O2 requirement
5. "central pathway" of metabolism
Term
citric acid cycle
Definition
1. occurs in mitochondria
2. produces GTP, NADH, FADH2
3. pyruvate = CO2
Term
oxidative phosphorylation
Definition
1. mitochondria, requires O2
2. converts NADH and FADH2 to ATP
Term
pentose phosphate metabolism
Definition
1. cytosol
2. "shunt of glycolysis" - converts glucose to pyruvate
3. produces NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate
Term
gluconeogenesis
Definition
1. requires mitochondria
2. lactate/aa's are conveted to glucose
3. requires ATP and NADH
4. raises blood sugar level during fasting, exercise
Term
glycogen metabolism
Definition
1. synthesis and degredation of glycogen
2. glycogen = storage form of glucose
3. liver glycogen used to raise bsl during fasting/exercise
4. muscle glycogen used for energy during exercise
Term
RBC's
Definition
1. glycolysis and pentose phosphate
2. no mitochondria
pyruvate to lactate via lactate dehydrogenase
glucose only energy source
3. no glycogen stores, but need constant energy source
4. pent. phos. pathway produces NADPH which maintains reduced glutathione (protect membrane)
Term
Brain
Definition
1. glycolysis, pentose phosphate, citric acid cycle
2. O2 sufficient. t/f pyruvate - CO2
3. cannot use fat, no sig glycogen stores
t/f needs constant glucose supply
4. use ketone bodies during prolonged starvation
Term
Adipose Tissues
Definition
1. glycolysis, pent phos, c.a. cycle, fat biosynthesis
2. O2 sufficient, t/f pyruv - CO2
3. excess carbo - fat
4. fat for energy and storage, t/f not dependent on gluc
5. pent phos produces NADPH for fat biosynthesis
Term
Muscle
Definition
glycolysis, pent phos, c.a. cycle, glycogen metab

2. stores glyc for its own use
3. resting: O2 sufficient
pyruv - CO2
can use fat
4. exercising: O2 limited
pyruv - lactate
uses glycogen and exogenous gluc
Term
Liver
Definition
all pathways
2. pyruv - CO2 w/O2 sufficient
3. NADPH for detoxification and biosynthesis
4. much gluc - energy, stored as glyc, converted to fat for export
5. low gluc - fat for energy, glyc - gluc for export, lactate/aa's to gluc for export
Term
AHO
Definition
Caused by abnormalities in Gas

splice junction or frameshift mutations -> reduced amt of Gas

missense mutation -> uncouple Gas from receptor
Term
Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
Definition
toxin catalyzes ADP ribosylation of Gai ->inhibits GDP-GTP exchange -> traps Gai in inactive state
Term
FPP
Definition
abnormal LH (leutenizing hormone) receptor.

missense mutation in TM6 traps receptor in partially active conformation all of the time
Term
cholera
Definition
catalyzes ADP ribosylation of Gas

ribosylation inhibits GTPase activity, which traps Gas in active conformation
Term
Insulin
Definition
decreases bsl

Increases:
glucose uptake (except brain, liver, rbc's)

glycolysis in liver and adipose (not muscle)

conversion to storage forms

glycogenesis in liver and muscles
increases fat biosynthesis in liver and adipose
protein synthesis
Term
glucagon
Definition
increases bsl

increases gluconeogenesis in liver, glycogenolysis in liver, decreases glycolysis in liver

increases release of alternate energy sources
lipolysis in adipose
Term
epinephrine
Definition
mobilizes energy reserves for exercise

increases glycogenolysis in liver, lipolysis in adipose, proteolysis in muscle, and gluconeogenesis in liver

stimulates energy usage in muscle

increases glycogenolysis in muscle, glycolysis in muscle
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