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| three glands that help produce seminal fluid |
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seminiferous tubules
prostate gland
seminal vesicle |
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| function of seminiferous tubules |
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| ductus deferens/vas deferens |
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| bulbourethral gland/Cowper's gland |
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| bulbourethral gland/Cowper's gland |
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| ductus deferens/vas deferens |
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| penis: transverse section |
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| a negative feedback system ( ) a change in a controlled condition |
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| a positive feedback system ( ) a change in one of the body's controlled conditions |
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| the 3 classes of sex steroids |
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estrogens
progestins
androgens |
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true or false
all three classes of endogenous steroids are present in both sexes |
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| what are the sources of sex steroids in men and women |
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men: adrenal glands, testes
women: adrenal glands, ovaries |
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| the most potent endogenous estrogen is ( ) |
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| the most potent endogenous progestin is ( ) |
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| the primary androgen found in the blood is ( ) |
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| the primary androgen found in target tissues is ( ) |
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5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone
will have its effect in this form |
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| the female menstrual (reproductive) cycle |
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Definition
the female menstrual cycle includes the ovarian and uterine cycles and the hormonal changes that regulate them
the ovarian cycle is a series of events in the ovaries that occur during and after the maturation of a follicle/oocyte
the uterine cycle is a series of changes in the endometrium of the uterus to prepare it for the arrival of a fertilized ovum
if fertilization doesn't occur, ovarian hormones drop which causes the functional layer of the endometrium to slough off |
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at birth, there are thousands of primordial follicles in the ovary
at puberty they start to mature
the primordial follicles will develop into a primary follicle (not all, but some). due to hormonal influx, some will become primary follicles and an even smaller number will become secondary follicles (secondary oocyte)
GRANULOSA CELLS
surround the secondary oocyte
functions:
protection
produce sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
produce fluids and nutrients so that the oocyte matures
pressure build up (from fluids secreted by granulosa cells) will cause the oocyte to erupt from the surface of the ovary
the corpus luteum is also involved in the female reproductive cycle
the corpus luteum supports the fertilized egg, supporting the embryo (if an embryo were to develop) by secreting estrogen and progesterone
the corpus luteum also secretes relaxin and inhibin
eventually, the corpus luteum will become the corpus albicans that no longer secretes hormones (scar tissue) |
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| functions and structure of the uterus |
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[image]
FUNCTIONAL LAYER (1) and BASAL LAYER (2)
basal layer gives rise to a new functional layer every month
the basal layer has supporting vasculature, so that every month a new functional layer can grow |
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| gonadotropin releasing hormone is secreted by the ( ) and controls the ovarian and uterine cycles |
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| gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulates the release of ( ) and ( ) from the anterior pituitary |
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leutenizing hormone
follicle stimulating hormone |
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| actions of follicle stimulating hormone |
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| initiates follicular growth and stimulates the ovarian follicles to secrete estrogens |
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| actions of lutenizing hormone |
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| stimulates further development of the ovarian follicles, stimulates the ovarian follicles to secrete estrogens, triggers ovulation, and promotes the formation of the corpus luteum |
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secreted from corpus luteum and ovaries
promote development and maintenance of female reproductive structures, feminine secondary sex characteristics (axillary and pubic hair, body fat, higher voice), and breasts
increase protein anagolism
lower blood cholesterol
MODERATE levels inhibit release of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and leutinizing hormone |
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| functions of progesterone |
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secreted from corpus luteum
works with estrogens to prepare endometrium for implantation
works with estrogens to prepare mammary galnds to secrete milk
inhibits release of gonadotropin releasing hormone and leutinizing hormone |
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secreted from corpus luteum
inhibits contractions of uterine smooth muscle
relaxin is produced during pregnancy so that there is relaxation of uterine smooth muscle; no contraction so there isn't a premature delivery
oxytocin and prostaglandins are released and overcome relaxin and produce uterine contractions during delivery
during labor, increases flexibility or pubic symphysis and dilates uterine cervix |
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secreted from corpus luteum and ovaries
inhibits release of follicle stimulating hormone and to a lesser extent, leutinizing hormone |
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| summary of female reproductive cycle |
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| fertilization usually occurs in what part of the fallopian tubes? |
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| graphs of hormone levels in the female reproductive cycle |
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[image]
estrogen is higher than progesterone at the beginning of the cycle
in the 2nd half, progesterone levels are higher |
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| hormones and body temperature |
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[image]
body temperature drops at the beginning of ovulation and then rises at ovulation
body temperature is higher in the 2nd half of the cycle |
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| hormonal birth control methods |
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Definition
contain various mixtures of synthetic estrogens and progestins
prevent pregnancy mainly by negative feedback inhibition of secretion of follicle stimulating hormone and leutinizing hormone
low levels of follicle stimulating hormone prevent the development of a dominant follicle
as a result:
1) estrogen levels don't rise
2) leutinizing hormone surge doesn't happen
3) ovulation isn't triggered; no secondary oocyte available
if ovulation DOES occur, cervical mucus is hostile to the sperm blocking fertilization from occurring |
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| mechanism of action of emergency contraception |
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Definition
high levels of progestin and estrogen in emergency contraception provide negative feedback inhibition of follicle stimulating hormone and leutinizing hormone secretion
it causes the ovaries to decrease production of their ovarian hormones, inducing shedding of the uterine lining and blocking implantation |
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male reproductive endocrine function
tesis: seminiferous tubules |
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[image]
KNOW: seminiferous tubules (found in the testes) is where spermatogenesis takes place
interstitial cells (Leydig cells) - outside the seminiferous tubules; less mature
Sertoli cells are within the seminiferous tubules; contain more mature sperm |
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| function of Sertoli cells |
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Definition
found inside the seminiferous tubules
responsible for binding androgens through androgen binding proteins (secreted by sertoli cells); androgen binding proteins recognize andorgens so that spermatogenesis can take place
sertoli cells are a support structure for the developing sperm
sertoli cells provide nutrients to the developing sperm
sertoli cells can phagocytize excess cells from the sperm
sertoli cells provide the blood/testis barrier which protects sperm from blood (immune system, macrophages); developing sperm are not indirect contact with the blood stream |
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| function of Leydig (interstitial) cells |
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Definition
secrete testosterone
testosterone then goes to the developing sperm cells (sertoli cells with androgen binding proteins) |
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| phases of the female reproductive cycle |
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Definition
menstrual phase
preovulatory phase (follicular phase in the ovaries and proliferative phase in the uterus)
ovulation
postovulatory phase |
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| roughly how long is the menstrual phase? |
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Definition
| 5 days (for a 28 day cycle) |
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| events in the ovaries of the menstrual phase |
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Definition
several primordial follicles develop into primary follicles and then into secondary follicles under the influence of follicle stimulating hormone
note: this often takes several menstrual cycles (does not just happen in 5 days) |
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| events in the uterus of the menstrual phase |
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Definition
DECLINING LEVELS of progesterone and estrogens stimulate the release of prostaglandins that cause uterine spiral arterioles to constrict.
cells become oxygen deprived and die
the entire functional layer of the endometrium sloughs off and is released as menstrual flow (about 100 ml of blood, tissue fluid, mucus, epithelial cells) through the uterine cavity, vagina, to the exterior
LOW LEVELS OF HORMONES AT THE BEGINNING OF MENSTRUATION!!!
prostaglandins come from the uterus and have a local effect |
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| length of the preovulatory phase |
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Definition
this is the more VARIABLE phase in length
about 6-13 days
when women have different cycle lengths, this phase is what changes |
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| events in the ovaries of the preovulatory phase |
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Definition
THE FOLLICULAR PHASE = pre-ovulation
some (15-20) of the secondary follicles begin to secrete estrogens and inhibin (and progesterone); these follicles have receptors for FSH and estrogens
by about day 6-7 one secondary follicle (in one of the 2 ovaries) has outgrown the others, becoming the dominant (mature or Graafian) follicle
estrogens and inhibin secreted by this follicle cause a decrease in follicle stimulating hormone (negative feedback from the HIGH levels of estrogen)
the drop in follicle stimulating hormone prevents other follicles from maturing
others are ingested by macrophages and cells are recycled
the mature follicle causes a blister on the surface of the ovary |
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2 follicles mature in one ovary
both follicles produce the same levels of hormones and both are dominant |
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| events in the uterus during the preovulatory phase |
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THE PROLIFERATIVE PHASE
ESTROGENS stimulate the repair of the endometrium
endometrial glands and spiral arterioles lengthen |
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| the rupture of the mature follicle and the release of the secondary oocyte |
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Definition
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| hormone levels during ovulation |
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Definition
high levels of estrogen (from dropping levels of FSH) during the end of the preovulatory phase exert a positive feedback effect on the cells that secrete LH and GnRH
LH causes the rupture of the follicle and the expulsion of the oocyte (also due to pressure in the follicle itself) about 9 hours after the peak of the LH surge |
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| where does the expelled oocyte go? |
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Definition
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| where does the fertilization normally occur? |
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Definition
DISTAL end of the fallopian tubes b/c the egg does not more very far)
uterine contractions more it along to the uterus |
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| what does an ovulation predictor kit detect? |
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Definition
detects LH in the urine
if it a strong surge of LH there is an increased chance of getting pregnant
12-24 hours after ovulation an oocyte can be fertalized |
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| if a person is avoiding pregnancy, which days would be considered unsafe to have intercourse? |
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when LH is high
day 14 of 28 day cycle
3 days before ovulation (sperm can live that long) and 2 days after ovulation (eggs survive this long) |
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| length of the postovulatory phase |
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the postovulatory phase is between ovulation and the onset of the next cycle
it is CONSTANT IN DURATION at 14 days
the preovulatory phase will vary, but the postovulatory phase is ALWAYS 2 WEEKS |
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| events in the ovaries of the postovulatory phase |
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Definition
THE LUTEAL PHASE: corpus luteum development
post ovulation, the mature follicle collapses
under the influence of LH, the cells become corpus luteum cells and the structure is called the corpus luteum
LH causes the corpus luteum to secrete estrogens, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin |
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| if the oocyte is NOT fertilized, what happens? |
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Definition
| the oocyte persists for 14 days (14 days to the beginning of menstruation) and the corpus luteum becomes scar tissue |
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| ovarian, anterior pituitary and hypothalamus hormone levels during the cycle |
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Definition
1st half of cycle -> FSH is key anterior pituitary hormone; estrogen is key sex steroid
2nd half of cycle -> LH is the key anterior pituitary hormone; progesterone is the key sex steroid
at the end of the cycle, estrogen and progesterone are low; FSH increases at the end of the cycle so the cycle can start over again; LH drops |
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| if the oocyte IS fertilized and begins to implant, the corpus luteum persists. How long is it needed? |
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| until the placenta develops at week 9 |
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| how is the corpus luteum preserved if the oocyte is fertilized? |
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Definition
it is saved by human chorionic gonadotropin produced by the chorion of the developing embryo at about 8 days post fertilization and beyond.
like LH, human chorionic gonadotropin stimulates the secretory activity of the corpus luteum (estrogen and progesterone) |
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| what is the basis of home pregnancy tests? |
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Definition
| detecting human chorionic gonadotropin |
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| events in the uterus during the postovulatory phase |
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Definition
THE SECRETORY PHASE
progesterone and estrogens from the corpus luteum promote further growth of the endometrium
the endometrial glands start to produce glycogen (supports/provides nutrients to the embryo before placenta develops)
the peak is about a week after ovulation
implantation may potentially occur at this time
if fertilization does not occur, ovarian hormones decline which causes menstruation |
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