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Is a unit of genetic information
One Gene code = one protein
Sequence of nucleotides located on one stand of DNA at a specific location |
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| Position of gene on chromosome |
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| Variant of gene on molecular level |
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Result of Gene expression
Outward appearance |
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| Combination of alleles that result in phenotype |
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Does not produce pigment.
involved in manufacturing or depositing pigment. |
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| Mast expression of another alleles |
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| First person to trace inheritance patterns through generations. |
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| Observed mathematical relationships in patterns of inheritance. Used pea plants to test hypotheses. |
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| Segregation of alleles. Used self pollenating pea plants. |
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Genotypic ration 1:2:1
Phenotypic ration 3:1 |
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Theory of independent assortment.
For two characteristics the genes will segregate: dihabloid |
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genotype phenotype
1A1A A
1A1B AB
1B1B B
1Ai A
1Bi B
ii O
Pheno AB can make O blood |
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| Both phenotypes seen individually as in blood |
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| Intermediate phenotype results from expression of both alleles. Has appearanc eof both phenotypes. |
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Female = XX
Male = XY
Formula for trait female
XhX
Formula for trait male
XhY |
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| Extra digits on hands or feet |
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| Family tree showing phenotypes/genotypes |
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| The genetic makeup of a population changes over time, driven by natural selection. |
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| Change in allele frequencies with a population. |
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| Organisms of the same species that can interbreed. |
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A species of reproductively isolated organisms.
Macroevolution = speciation |
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| Similar characteristics that show ancestrial relationships. |
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| Examines dacay of radioactive isotopes. Measures loss of neutrons. |
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| Complex life developed as oxygen increased on earth. |
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| KT Boundry. Crust on layer of earth. |
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| All land masses are connected. |
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First theory of evolution. Inheritance of acquired characteristics
modifications to match environment
gradual |
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Second theory of evolution.
Things become extinct. |
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Noticed:
Similarities of species on different islands.
Prehistoric fossils resembled todays animals with increased complexity
Land with similar climates had different animals and plants.
The animals and plants were distinct. |
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| Darwin's theory of evolution |
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| individuals possessing alleles which give them advantage for survival are likey to have offspring possessing more survival alleles characteristics. |
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Evolution
Natural Selection
Macroevolution Microevolution
Speciation Variation within
Isolation total population |
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all populations alleles represent that populations gene pool.
Only mutations create new alleles
Microevolution is recombination of existing genes. |
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Gene mutations (produces new alleles)
Crosing Over (novel combinations of alleles on chromosomes)
Independent assortment(mixes maternal and paternal chromosomes)
Fertilization (many variable outcomes)
Change in chromosome numbers or stucture. |
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Definition
| Specific alleles in a populations gene pool |
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| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium |
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| If frequency of alleles changes from generation to generation then microevolution has occurred. |
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| Conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium |
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Definition
No mutations
Isolated from other populations
Product of allele has no effect on survival/reproduction
All mating is random
Population is large. |
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| Gradual change in allele frequency over time. Limited natural selection during growth. stirring of the gene pool. Bottleneck effect. Genetic OOPS |
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| Moves left or right to gage greatest chance for survival. Color, size |
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| Shifts from original population to split into different survival groups. |
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| Stablizes to a perfect state of survival. |
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| when the population size is close to carrying capacity of the environment. |
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Interbreeding natural populations
Reproductively isolated
Interbreeding is prevented by intrinsic (physical properties) |
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| Comes about due to microevolution amongst isolated groups. Results in speciation. |
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| Geographic (physical) isolation (two groups separate over time) |
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| Reproductive isolation. No geographic change but loose ability to reproduce) |
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| Habitat isolation, Behavior isolation, temporal(time) isolation, Mechanical isolation, gamete mortality/isolation. |
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| Postzygot isolation: Reduced hybrid fertility. Hybrid zygotes fail to develop. Hybrid offspring have reduced viability or fertility. |
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| Boss genes. Regulation body plan/ segmentation. Occur in clusters. Provides fodder for evolution. Can turn off genes. |
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| Way of life = location and role within environment. |
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All species are related by decent.
Last universal common ancestor LUCA |
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| LUCA for the earth. Has a true nucleus |
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| Are normal bacteria. No true nucleus. |
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| Plants. They feed themselves. |
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| Are multicellular (heterothrophes). Digest food externally and then aborb. Feeds off others. |
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| Are muticellular (heterotrophes). They feed off others, are mobile and digest food internally. |
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| Evolutionary history of a species or group of related species. |
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| Morphological, biochemical and molecular comparison used to infer evolutionary relationships. |
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Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Ekaryotes |
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Kindom Animalia
Kindgom Fungi
Kindom Plantae
Protists |
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