Term
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Definition
| learning that has persisted overtime through storage and retrieval of info. |
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Term
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Definition
| a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
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Term
| what are the 3 steps in the three-step memory process? |
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Definition
| encoding, storage, and retrieval |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| requires attention and conscious effort |
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Term
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Definition
| the conscious repetitioin of info., either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage |
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Term
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Definition
| our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list |
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Term
| what type of encoding results in the most info. being retained? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
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Term
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Definition
| organizing items into familiar, manageable units |
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Term
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Definition
| organizing the first letters to be remembered words as sent. or words |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| visual; lasts a few tenths of a second |
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Term
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Definition
| auditory; lasts 3-4 seconds |
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Term
| how many pieces of info. can the typical short-term memory hold? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many pieces of info. can the typical long-term memory hold? |
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Definition
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Term
| LTP (long-term potentation) |
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Definition
| an increase in a synapses firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory |
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Term
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Definition
retention independent of conscious recollection
↑ cerebellum ↑
↓ hippocampus↓ |
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Term
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Definition
| facts and experiences that one can consciously know |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info. learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank-test |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of memory in which the person can only identify items previously learned as on a multiple choice test |
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Term
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Definition
| a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time |
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Term
| how do psychologist explain deja vu? |
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Definition
| the explain the "already seen" experiences as cues from the current situation subconsciously triggers a familiarity of a previous experience |
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Term
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Definition
| what we learn in one state (sad, drunk, and joyful) is more easily recalled in that state |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood |
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Term
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Definition
| We quickly forget most of what we learn then it levels off |
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Term
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Definition
| the disrptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info. |
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Term
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Definition
| the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info. |
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Term
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Definition
| incorporating misleading info. into one's memory of an event |
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Term
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Definition
| attributing to the wrong source of an event we have experienced, heard about, read or imagined |
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Term
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Definition
| the mental activities associated with thinking, knowingm remembering and communicating |
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Term
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Definition
| a mental image or best example of a category matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category |
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Term
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Definition
| a mathodical, logical rule or procedure that guarentees solving a particular probem; contrasts with the usually speedier-error phone-heuristics |
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Term
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Definition
| a simple thinking strategy that often sloows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently |
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Term
| confirmation bias and example |
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Definition
a tendency to search for info. that confirms one's precoinceptions
ex.
After having bought a piece of clothing, we will look for the same clothing in a more expensive store to confirm that we have bought a bargain. |
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Term
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Definition
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving
ex. when you have OCD and have to do something in a certain way always and you have never thought of even trying a diff. way |
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Term
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Definition
a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
ex. Chris Ewing putting his leg up to throw a dart because it made him the 200 pointer once |
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Term
| functional fixedness and example |
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Definition
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
ex. Rachel’s car breaks down while she is driving through the desert. She is terribly thirsty. She finds several soda bottles in the trunk but no bottle opener. She doesn’t think of using the car key to open the bottles because of functional fixedness.
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to be more confident than correct to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgements |
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Term
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Definition
| the way an issue is posed |
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Term
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Definition
| no tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or vice versa |
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Term
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Definition
| clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
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Term
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Definition
in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
ex.The "ph" sound in the word phoneme |
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Term
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Definition
smallest unit that carries meaning
ex. the word cats has two morphemes. Cat is a morpheme, and s is a morpheme |
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Term
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Definition
system of rules that enables us to communicate with us and understand others
ex. proper sentence structure |
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Term
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Definition
set of rules that derive meaning
ex. Sometimes a person may say something, and then their friends "twist" what was actually said |
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Term
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Definition
| rules for combining words into gramatically sensible sent. |
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Term
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Definition
| begins at 4 months; infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language |
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Term
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Definition
| ages 1-2; child speaks mostly in single words |
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Term
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Definition
| age 2; child speaks mostly in 2 word statements |
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Term
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Definition
| speaks like a telegraph ("go car") |
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Term
| compare and contrast Skinner's theories to Chomsky's concerning language development |
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Definition
Skinner: believed that babies were born with the necessary physical and intellectual needs to make words that they've never heard before
Chomsky: believed that it is more of a learning thing and that there is a critical point in a child's life to learn language |
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Term
| Whorf's Theory of Linguistic Relativity |
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Definition
| our language helps determine the way we think |
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Term
| What does the study of animal communication tell us about our capacity for language? |
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Definition
| only humnas can master the verbal or signed expression of complex rules of syntax |
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Term
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Definition
| a need for desire that energizes and directs behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a complex behavior pattern that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned |
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Term
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Definition
| physiological needs create and aroused tension state that pushed an organism to meet the need |
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Term
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Definition
| a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior |
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Term
| levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs |
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Definition
self-actualization
esteem
belongingness and love
safety
physiological
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Term
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Definition
| the point at which an individual's ""weight thermostat is supposedly set; when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the last weight |
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Term
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Definition
| the body's resting rate of energy expenditure |
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Term
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Definition
| eating disorder in which a normal weight person diets and becomes significantly underweigh, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve |
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Term
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Definition
| an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating usually, of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, or excessive exercise |
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Term
| what hormones affect the sexual behavior of animals? |
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Definition
f-estrogen
m-testosterone |
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Term
| possible explanations for our need to belong |
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Definition
- aided our ancestors in survival
- familiarity breeds liking
- avoiding the pain ostraeism
- fortify health
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Term
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Definition
| desire to perform a behavior for its own sake |
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Term
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Definition
| desire to perform a desire due to promised rewards or threats of punishments |
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Term
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Definition
| the application of physiological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in work places |
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Term
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Definition
- dislike work and attempts to avoid it
- has no ambition, no responsibility, and would rather follow than lead
- resists change
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Term
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Definition
- work can be as natural as play and rest
- people will seek responsibility
- people will be self-directed to meet their work objectives if they are committed to them
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Term
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Definition
| states that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion arousing stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and subjective experience of emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| same as Cnnon-Bard ecept you must be able to cognitively label emotion |
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Term
| describe what happens at the autonomic level when emotional arousal occurs |
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Definition
| to provide energy, your liver pours extra sugar into your bloodstream, respiration increases and digestion slows |
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Term
| what part of the brain plays a role in fear and anger? |
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Definition
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Term
| what nonverbal cues do we use to discern emotion? |
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Definition
| we are good at detecting threatening body language; however, we are extremely poor at detecting deceit;women are better at everything, including nonverbal cues |
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Term
| describe the physiological processes that occur to motivate us to eat? what strucutre in the brain plays the primary role in hunger? |
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Definition
| variations in the body chemistry that influence our feelings of hunger include: insulin, leptin, orexin, ghrelin, and PYY; all this info. is integrated in two areas of the hypothalamus which regulates the body's weight by affecting our feelings of hunger and satiety |
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Term
| what is meant by "fear is adaptive" |
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Definition
| fear serves to keep us alive in most cases |
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Term
| how are phobias classically conditioned? |
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Definition
| experience helps shape such fearfulness or fearlessness. but so do our genes; Genes influence our temperament-our emotional reactivity |
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Term
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Definition
| an emotional reease; some therapist believe that catharsis helps relieve aggressive urges; often leads us to feel worse about whatever angered us in the first place |
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Term
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Definition
self-perceived happiness with life
health, wealth, and demographics tend to have relatively little effect of well-being
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Term
| adaptation-level phenomenon |
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Definition
| that we from judgements relative to a neutral level defined by our experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves to |
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Term
| feel-good, do-good phenomenon |
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Definition
| people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood |
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Term
what does adaptation-level phenomenon and relative deprivation suggest about human nature and happiness?
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Definition
| happiness is relative not only to our past experiences but also to our comparisons with others; we are always comparing ourselves with others; and whether we feel good or bad depends on who those others are; we are slow-witted or clumsy only when others are smart or agile. happiness is relative |
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Term
| factors that influence phenomenon |
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Definition
have high-self esteem
are optimistic
have close friendship
enjoy work and leisure activities
have meaningful religious faith
sleep well and exercise |
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