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Definition
| a system or process by which the products or result of learning are stored for future use. |
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| Serial Positioning Effect |
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| items in the middle of the list are more difficult to recall then items in the beginning or the end of a list. |
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| Sensory info is received and coded in to impulses that are processed or stored for later use. |
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| Call it up and use it again |
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| photographic or eidictic memory |
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Definition
| able to look at a written page person,slide, or drawing and later mentally see the images |
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information must go through short-term memory on its way to long-term memory. We can hold about 7 items in short-term memory.
Information is held in consciousness for 10 to 20 seconds. |
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| learning procedure in which material that has been learned must be repeated in the order in which it was presented, also known as ordered recall. |
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| 2nd Stage: of the memory process, in it information is placed in the memory system, this stage may involve either brief or longterm storage of memories. |
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| 1st Stage: of the memory process, in it information is transformed or coded (a transduction process) into a form that can be processed further and stored. |
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| 3rd stage: of the memory process; in it stored memories are brought in to consciousness |
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Eidictic Imagery: able to look a written page person, slide, or drawin and later mentally see the image
daVinci and Bonaparte:
such images last for up to 4 Minutes. |
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| put several items into a chunk |
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| 2nd stage: of stm; in it attention and conscious effort are brought to bear on material |
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| Explicit (declaritive) Memory |
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Definition
| Type of LTM: memories we are consciously aware of , such as facts or personal events. |
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| implicit or (nondeclaretive) memory |
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Definition
type of LTM
memories we are not consciously aware of but still influence our behavior and mental processes. |
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our store of general knowledge pledge of allegiance
four seasons-
George Washington 1st president |
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Definition
Photographic memory
Short-term memory
Chunking
Long-term memory
Procedural memory
Semantic memory
Episodic memory |
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| memory stage that has a very large capacity and the capacity to store information relatively permanently. |
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| used in making responses and performing skilled actions ex(riding a bike) |
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| memories of personal events |
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| procedures for associating new information with previously stored memories |
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| Creating and using mental pictures or images of the items you are studying visualizing them as you are learning can dramatically increase recall |
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use of familiar locations as cues to recall items that have been associated with them ancient Greek orators used visual imagery and memorized locations to help them remember speeches or entire epics.
landmarks to help you |
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Definition
one is bun...
use of familiar words or names as cues to recall items that have been associated with them.
Main difference between pegword technique and method of loci is that in the method of loci you visualize specific location where in the pegword technique you think of an already established list of items |
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Definition
We tend to group or chunk items when we recall then. ex
1914191619181812, 1914,1916,1918,1812 |
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a word formed by the initial letters of the items to be remembered. IMPGA
Imagery
Method of loci
Pegword
Grouping
Acronym |
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Definition
| Grouping or clusters of knowledge about an object or sequence of events. patterns of thinking frameworks of our basic ideas and preconception about people, objects and situations. |
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| is manipulation of information in the form of images of concepts |
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| examines thinking, knowing and deciding |
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| the experience of seeing even though the event or objects is not actually viewed at the particular time |
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are mental categories that share common characteristics
ex: produce in a store, fruits and vegies |
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We rely on a prototype ( our best example of a concept) and compare any new object to determine if it fits in that category.
exam; tomato is actually a fruit but is put in vegetables because of how we use it. |
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are educated guesses or rules of thumb that are used to solve problems.
ex: I before e except after c |
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| is the tendency to rely on past experiences to solve problems. |
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| a form of rigidity, it is the ability to use familiar objects or concepts in new ways. |
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all lines of thought converge on one correct answer.
Limits are creativity |
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| Taking our thinking in different directions in search of multiple answers to a question. |
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1) not afraid of hard work
2) willing to give it their undivided attention
3)willing
4)tolerate ambiguity, complexity and lack of symmetry. |
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| a form of double speak an acceptable or inoffensive word or phrase used in place of an unacceptable of offensive one. |
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language that is purposely designed to make the bad seem good.
lying- massaging the truth |
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| 34% are in the 85 to 115 percent range EXCEPTIONALS are 85 or lower and 115 and higher. |
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| organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy; it produces hormones that maintain pregnancy, transmits nourishment to the fetus and filters out certain harmful substances. |
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| the union of the sperm and ovum forms a one cell structure. |
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| projection of sound waves onto the fetus, uterus, and placenta's to construct a sonogram. |
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| withdrawal and analysis of amniotic fluid to detect abnormalities in the fetus |
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Biological unfolding of the genetic plan for an individual's development.
biological unfolding of an organism according to the plan stored in it's genes refers primarily to development of motor and nervous systems |
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the ability to excel a variety of tasks - especially academic
Miss Darcy's the ability to problem solve and adept to new info |
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| period of rapid growth, maturation of sexual organs, and appearance of secondary sex characteristics that precedes puberty. |
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| the time at which and individual achieves full sexual maturity. |
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1) shoulders broaders
2) large muscle growth- giving them a strength advantage for the qst time in their lives
lips nose ears grow more quickly than head
3) development of the testes, penis, seminal vesicles and prostate gland, ability to ejaculate semen and puberty reached growth in underarm and pubic hair. |
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1) hips broaden, lips nose and ears grow more quickly than head.
2) maturation includes development of ovaries, uterus and vagina- 1st menstrual period puberty reached, growth in underarm and pubic hair. |
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| intelligence involving the ability to see new relationships, solve new problems, form new concepts, and use new information. Declines as we get older. |
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| Crystallized intelligence |
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Definition
| intelligence involving the ability to retrieve and use information that has been learned and stored increases with age some associate with wisdom. |
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| farsightedness that normally develops during middle adulthood; stiffening of the lens results in difficulty in focusing on near objects. |
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| middle adulthood hearing disorder involving reduced ability to distinguish sounds and higher frequencies. |
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| a category based on biological differences in anatomy hormones, genetics composition |
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| Social and psychological phenomena associated with being "feminine" or "masculine" as these concepts are defined in a given culture. |
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| under the law, either sexual coercion based on promised rewards or threatened punishments or creation of a hostile workplace environment. |
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| Psychosocial Development: 8 stages |
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Trust vs mistrust 0-1
learns to feel comfortable and trust parents care or develops a deep distrust of the world. |
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| autonomy vs shame and doubt learns sense of competence by learning to feed self, use toilet, play alone or feels ashamed and doubts own abilities |
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initiative vs guilt 3-5
Gains ability to use own initiative or develops a sense of guilt. |
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Industry vs Inferiority
learns to meet the demands imposed by school and home or comes to believe he/she is inferior to others. |
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| Identity vs role confusion acquires sense of own identity, or is confused about role in life cognitive milestones- thinking as we will as an adult. |
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Intimacy vs isolation 18-40
Develop couple relationships and identify with a partner or become isolated from meaningful relationships.
Early Adulthood. |
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Generativity vs Stagnation 40-65
Middle Adulthood: reflects concern, or lack thereof, for the next generation. |
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Integrity vs Despair 65 and up
Late Adulthood: integrity reflects a feeling that one's life has been worth while, despair reflects a desire to relive one's life.
ability to regulate body temp, body shrinks- more time to process info. |
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