Term
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Definition
| the view that all scientific explanations should aim to be based on a lower level of analysis: psychology in terms of physiology, physiology in terms of chemistry, and chemistry in terms of physics |
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Term
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Definition
| the first person to demonstrate that it was possible to study memory experimently |
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Term
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Definition
| a term applied to an approach to memory that relies principally on the learning of lists of words and nonsense syllables |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to memory psychology that was strong in Germany in the 2930s and that attempted to use perceptual principles to understand memory and reasoning |
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Term
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Definition
| proposed by Bartlett to explain how our knowledge of the world is structured and influences the way in whic new information is stored and subsequently recalled |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of expressing a theory more precisely, allowing predictions to be made and tested |
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Term
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Definition
| a term applied to the model of memory developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin |
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Term
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Definition
| a term applied to the bried storage of information within a specific modality |
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Term
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Definition
| a term applied to the bried storage of visual information |
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Term
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Definition
| a process by which the perception and/or storage of a stimulus is influenced by events occurring immediately before presentation (forward masking) or more commonly after (backward masking) |
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Term
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Definition
| a term sometimes applied to auditory sensory memory |
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Term
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Definition
| a term applied to the retention of small amounts of material over periods of a few seconds |
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Term
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Definition
| a memory system that underpins our capactiy to "keep things in mind" when performing complex tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| a system or systems assumed to underpin the capacity to store information over long periods of time |
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Term
| explicit/declarative memory |
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Definition
| memory that is open to intentional retrieval, whether based on recollecting personal events (episodic memory) or facts (semantic memory) |
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Term
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Definition
| a system that is assumed to underpin the capactiy to remember specific events (recollecting personal events) |
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Term
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Definition
| a system that is assumed to store accumulative knowledge of the world (facts). goes beyond the meaning of words, and extends to sensory attributes such as taste and color; and to general knowledge of how society works, such as how to behave in a grocery store |
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Term
| implicit/nondeclarative memory |
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Definition
| retrieval of information from long-term memory through performance rather than explicit conscious recall or recognition |
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Term
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Definition
| a term coined by Tulving to emphasize the way in which episodic memory allows us to relive the past and use this information to imagine the future |
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Term
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Definition
| a learning procedure whereby a neutral stimulus (bell) that is paired repeatedly with a response-evoking stimulus (meat powder), will come to evoke that response (salivation) |
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Term
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Definition
| the process whereby presentation of an item influences the processing of a subsequent item, either making it easier to process (positive priming) or more dificult (negative priming) |
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Term
| electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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Definition
| a device for recording the electrical potentials of the brain through a series of electrodes placed on the scalp |
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Term
| event-related potentials (ERP) |
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Definition
| a method using electroencephalography, in which the electrophysiological reaction of the brain to specific stimuli is tracked over time |
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Term
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Definition
| a term applied to a range of methods whereby the brain can be studied either in terms of its anatomical structure (structural imaging), or its operation (functional imaging) |
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Term
| positron emission tomorgraphy (PET) |
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Definition
| a method whereby radioacticely labeled substances are introduced into the bloodstream and subsequently monitored to measure physicological activation |
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Term
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
| a method of brain imaging that relies on detecting changes induced by a powerful magnetic field |
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Term
| magnetoencephalography (MEG) |
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Definition
| a system whereby the activity of neurons within the brain is detected through the tiny magnetic fields that their activity generates |
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Term
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Definition
| maximum number of sequentially presented digits that can reliably be recalled in the correct order |
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Term
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Definition
| term applied to a range of complex memory span tasks in which stimultaneous storage and processing is required |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of combining a number of items into a single chunk typically on the basis of long-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| we are more likely to forget our oringinal intention when distracted by another similar thought or task |
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Term
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Definition
| short-term forgetting task in which a small amount of material is tested after a bried delay filled by a reheasal-preventing task |
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Term
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Definition
| a method whereby participants are presented with a sequence of items, which they are subsequently required to recall in any order they wish |
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Term
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Definition
| a tendency for the first few items in a sequence to be better recalled than most of the following items |
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Term
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Definition
| a tendency for the last few items in a list to be well remembered |
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Term
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Definition
| a tendency for the last few items to be well recalled under conditions of long-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| term applied by Baddeley and Hitch to the component of their model responsible for the temporary storage of speech-like information |
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Term
| Phonological similarity effect |
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Definition
| a tendency for immediate serial recall of verbal material to be reduced, when the items are similar in sound |
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Term
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Definition
| likened the task of retrieval from a free recall list to that of disciminating between a string of telephone posts; the further away the post is from the observer, the more difficult it becomes to distinguish it from its neighbor |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique for disrupting verbal rehearsal by requring participants to continuously repeat a spoken item |
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Term
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Definition
| a tendency for cerbal memory span to decrease when longer words are used |
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Term
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Definition
| prounounceable but meaningless consonant-vowel-consanant items designed to study learning without the complicating factor of meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| a tendency for verbal STM to be disrupted by concurrent fluctuating sounds, including both speech and music |
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Term
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Definition
| a term particularly used in neuropsychology when two patient groups show opposite patterns of deficit (normal STM and impaired LTM, versus normal LTM and impaired STM) |
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Term
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Definition
| visuo-spatial counterpart to digit span involving an array of blocks that the tester taps in a sequence and the patient attmepts to copy |
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Term
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Definition
| retention of visual and/or spatial information over brief periods of time |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory proposed by Craik and Lockhart that asserts that items that are more deeply processed will be better remembered |
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Term
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Definition
| term applied by Baddeley and Hitch to the component of their model responsible for the temporary storage of speech-like information |
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Term
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Definition
| a component of the Baddeley and Hitch model that is assumed to be responsible for the emporary maintenance of visual and spatial information |
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Term
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Definition
| processing an item in terms of its meaning, hence relating it to other information in long-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| a test whereby participants hear and attempt to repeat back nonwords that gradually increase in length |
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Term
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Definition
| The Russian psychologist who developed an ingenious method for studying the influence of language ont he control of action. Demonstrated that children before the age of 3 click both red and blue. By age 5 they can speak and act accordingly. Also, it showed that pateints with frontal-lobe damage could have difficulty with this task and could be helped with self-cueing |
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Term
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Definition
| a component of the Baddeley and Hitch working memory model, which assumes a multidementional code, allowing the various subcomponents of working memory to interact with long-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| a component of Logie's model of visual working memory. It forms a counterpart to the phonological store and is maintained by the inner scribe, a counterpart to phonological control of action |
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Term
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Definition
| recollection of something that did not happen |
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Term
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Definition
| term used to refer to the linking of features into objects (color red, shape square, into a red square), or of exents into coherent episodes |
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Term
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Definition
| a general term applied to mechanisms that suppress other activities. The term can be applied to a precise pshyiological mechanism or to a more general phenomenon, as in proactice and retroactive inhibition, whereby memory for an item is pmpaired by competition from earlier or later items |
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Term
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Definition
| use of limited attentional capacity to maintain two or more simultaneous activities |
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Term
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Definition
| a process whereby a limited capacity system maintains activity on two or more tasks by switching between them |
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Term
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Definition
| a process whereby a limited capacity system maintains activity on two or more tasks by switching between them |
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Term
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Definition
| concept proposed by Ericsson and Kintsch to account for the way in which long-term memory can be used as a working memory to maintain complex cognitive activity |
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Term
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Definition
| system involved in temporarily retaining information regarding spatial location |
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Term
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Definition
| system that temporarily retains information concerning visual features such as color and shape |
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Term
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Definition
| depends on the generation you grow up in becuase experiences are fundamentally different than other generations are |
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Term
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Definition
| Indiana Multitasking Questionnaire |
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Term
| DBP's 5 goals and objectives |
|
Definition
1. personally relevant to you
2. increase your scientific literacy
3. multiple memory systems
4. automatic vs. controlled processing
5. useful to you when you leave IU |
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Term
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Definition
| he is responsible for reconceptualization of memory as a multiple memory systems that work as a whole intergrated funcitoning system (memory is NOT a homogeneous contruct ) |
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Term
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Definition
| fencing accident where the fencing foil went up and damaged his hippocampus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a record of an event, experiene, activity or action |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| don't want it to change: computer, notes... |
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Term
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Definition
| factors that improve learning and memory |
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Term
| organizational factors as a FILM? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| outlines, charts, graphs, maps |
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Term
| Depth of processing as FILM? |
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Definition
| Semantic/phonological coding: the deeper the processing, the more robust the memory (esp. if you make it personally relevant) |
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Term
| Generation effect as FILM? |
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Definition
| Cohort effect -- ("The Missing Ink" - writing versus typing) |
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Term
| retrieval practice as FILM? |
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Definition
| Repeated testing helps memory: the more different routes you have to retrieval the more robust the memory will be |
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Term
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Definition
| massed vs distributed practice (binge studying is bad, much better off if you study smart) |
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Term
|
Definition
1. organizational factors
2. depth of processing
3. generation efect
4. retrieval practice
5. spacing effect
6. retrieval operations
7. type I vs type II rehearsal
8. emotion & affect
9. Sleep
10. Attention & cognitive control |
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Term
| difference between textbooks and journals |
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Definition
| textbooks are seondary sources ($$$) |
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Term
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Definition
| superior autobiographical memory |
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Term
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Definition
| "Big Time" professors teach and engage in reserach creative activity |
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Term
| How many counties does Indiana have? |
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Definition
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Term
| retrieval operations FILM? |
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Definition
| DBP's "ThinkSheets" (increases number of different routes to retrieval) |
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Term
| type I vs. type II rehearsal FILM? |
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Definition
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Term
| emotions & Affect as FILM? |
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Definition
| "Personal Relevance" - memory with strong emotional valence are more robust |
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Term
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Definition
| study for less amount of time but is more efficient |
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Term
| Einsteins definition of insanity |
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Definition
| doing the same thing over and over and expecting a different result |
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Term
| what happens during sleep with your memory? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| forgetting if you have already told someone something |
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Term
| 10 things to improve brain health |
|
Definition
1. eat a brain-healthy diet
2. stay mentally active
3. exercise regularly
4. stay social (particularly for elderly)
5. get plenty of sleep
6. manage stress
7. prevent brain injury
8. avoid unhealthy habits
9. control health conditions
10. consider your genes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| "From cells to cognition" cycle |
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Definition
| behavior & cognition --> nueral systems --> cells & molecules --> nueral systems --> behavior cognition --> repeat |
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Term
| William James: what methodological approach to memory? |
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Definition
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Term
| inferring function from dysfunction through what methodological approach to memory? |
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Definition
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Term
| using verbal learning/memory tradition as a methodological approach to memory |
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Definition
| behavioral experiments (cognitive laboratory) - study on young adults to understand foundational mechanisms of learning and memory |
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Term
| computation models as a methodological approach to memory |
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Definition
| PDP, ART, Complex networks |
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Term
| Neural imaging methods as a methodological approach to memory |
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Definition
| PET, fMRI -- "Where is not how" |
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Term
| memory enhaving drugs as a methodological approach to memory |
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Definition
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Term
| lifespan approach as a methodological approach to memory |
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Definition
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Term
| everyday memory as a methodological approach to memory |
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Definition
| real-world vs. laboratory |
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Term
| what makes something science? |
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Definition
| measurement and replication |
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Term
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Definition
| did studies on automaticity with telegraphing morris code |
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Term
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Definition
| CORE IDEAS then your frontier ideas then lastly your fringe ideas (pilot studies) |
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Term
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Definition
| material that has stood the test of time and can be largely relied upon. It may include findings obtained just a few years ago which have been reasonable well confirmed by other laboratories |
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Term
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Definition
| science from the frontiers of knowledge is wild, untamed and often either wrong or irrelevant to future research. A few years after they are published, most scientific papers are never cited again |
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Term
| what kind of studies are referred to most frequently? |
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Definition
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Term
| why are psychological theories like maps? |
|
Definition
-summarize knowledge in a simple and structured manner
- pose new, testable questions that advance further discovery |
|
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Term
| like a computer, human memory consists of 3 interacting components (also can be true of biological and physical memories as well) |
|
Definition
1. encoding
2. storage
3. retrieval |
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Term
| how are memories formed? encoding |
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Definition
| acquisitions, registration |
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Term
| where are memories stored? storage |
|
Definition
| retention, maintenance & rehearsal |
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Term
| how are memories retrieved? retrieval |
|
Definition
| remembering, searching, locating, activating |
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Term
| how are memories lost? forgetting |
|
Definition
| interference vs. decay/inhibition |
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Term
| Basic information processing functions |
|
Definition
information storage (memory):
-INPUT
--> sensing (info receiving) --> information processing and decisions --> action functions (physical control or communication)
-OUTPUT |
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Term
| structural view memory metaphor |
|
Definition
spatial metaphors (STM, LTS)
memory as:
-receptable
-container
-spatial storage and search metaphors
- retrieval is viewed as a search process |
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Term
| procedural view memory metaphor |
|
Definition
study processes that create, maintain and recreate memories:
- processing views
--> LOP
--> TAP
-memory for operations and procedures (K&R)
- encoding specificity principle
- state-dependent learning |
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Term
|
Definition
discover and describe "general" principles of human and animal memory (laws of memory)
-multiple meory systems
-varieties of memory (75 kinds) |
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Term
|
Definition
| commonly referred to as photographic memory, is a psychological or medical term, popularly defined as the ability to recall images, sounds, or objects in memory with extreme precision |
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Term
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Definition
-recall that is hypothesized to work by storing the original stimulus input and reproducing it during recall
-the process of remembering (especially the process of recovering information by mental effort); "he has total recall of the episode" |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to the restoration of the whole of something from a part of it. In cognitive psychology the word is used in reference to phenomena in the field of memory. The everyday phenomenon is that a small part of a memory can remind a person of the entire memory. In contemporary memory research it is defined as "the use of long-term knowledge to facilitate recall." |
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Term
|
Definition
| The basic procedure involves measuring how quickly people classify stimuli as words or nonwords. (LDT) |
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Term
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Definition
| memorization technique based on repetition. The idea is that one will be able to quickly recall the meaning of the material the more one repeats it. Some of the alternatives to rote learning include meaningful learning, associative learning, and active learning. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who said: "Selction is the very keep on which our mental ship is built. And in the case of memory its utility is obvious. If we remembered everything, we should on most occasions be as ill off as if we remembered nothing" |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generally, and partial or complete loss of memory. A number of specific forms of amnesia are recognized, each denoting a particular kind of deficit in memory |
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Term
|
Definition
| nuerobiological basis (HM) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Psychological basis (stressed out)- cant find a biological basis |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of memory for events and experiences occurring subsequent to the amnesia-causing trauma. In cases of complete anterograde amnesia the patient is INCAPABLE OF FORMING NEW MEMORIES, althought recall of material learned prior to the onset is largely unaffected (HM, CLive Wearing, 50 First Dates, Momento, concussions) |
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Term
|
Definition
| loss of memory for events and experiences occurring in a (usually fairly short, circumscribed) PERIOD OF TIME PRIOR TO THE AMNESIA-CAUSING TRAUMA. Since retrograde amnesia often involves the inability to recall material once known, most memory researchers consider it to be a FAILURE OF THE ABILITY TO RETRIEVE OR RECALL the information rather than a true loss of that information. (TV & Hollywood movies: Total recall, bourne identity) |
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Term
| what was the hw experiment you did on David? and what does it test? |
|
Definition
| span of apprehension experiment - we wanted to measure the INFORMATION PROCESSING CAPACITY of immediate STM |
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Term
| 2 kinds of sensory memory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atkinson and Shiffrin's "Modal Model of Memory" (buffer model, multi-store model) |
|
Definition
| environment -> sensory memory -> STM -> LTM |
|
|
Term
| "the flow of information" through the memory system as conceived by Atkinson and Shiffrin |
|
Definition
| environmental imput -> sensory registers (visual, auditory, haptic) -> Short-term store (STS) temporary working memory (control processes: rehearsal, coding, decisions, retrieval strategies) **(-> response output) -> Long term store (LTS) permanent memory storage |
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Term
|
Definition
| environment -> atteniton -> perception |
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|
Term
| STM (Working memory) flow |
|
Definition
| pattern recognition -> maintenance and/or storage rehearsal |
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Term
|
Definition
| retirival of details, concepts, and procedures -> construction of a coherent "memory" and hypothesis set -> reasoning and decision making -> response |
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Term
|
Definition
| the perceptual system stores the most recently acquired static image just long enough to integrate it with the next, in order to create apparent motion |
|
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Term
| Sperling + Sensory memory |
|
Definition
| investigated the number of items available for report in visual memory by randomly sampling items from a matrix of letters presented to participants |
|
|
Term
| Sperling + sensory memory recall decreases when? |
|
Definition
- the DELAY between the original presentation and the signal indicating which items from the matrix to report is increased
- when a VISUAL MASK (bright flash or light or a contoured pattern) is presented following the matrix display, thereby intering with the memory trace |
|
|
Term
| visual sensory memory (3) |
|
Definition
1. iconic memory
2. recognition buffer
3. primacy advantage |
|
|
Term
| auditory sensory memory (4) |
|
Definition
1. echoic memory
2. recognition buffer
3. recency advantage
4. precategorical acoustic store |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the temporary storage of small amounts of material over brief delays (while initially thought to be primarily verbal in nature, STM can hold material from most any modality, including from the visuo-spatial domains (rehearsal processes are used to maintain items in the STM) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the "mental workspace" closely linked to conscious/controlled attention, which provides a basis for thought and the symbolic manipulation of items being held within this temporary memory store |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. explicit/declarative memory
2. episodic memory
3. semantic memory
4. implicit/non-declarative memory
5. priming |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a form of memory/ a record (memory trace) that looks or sounds like the physical signal that is no longer present -- the icon or echo (~100-200 msec in duration - represents early neural activity of the sensory receptors used in vision, hearing, smell, touch and taste) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a more durable memory "code" that continues to be available from the intial sensory stimulus for a short period of time after the signal is no longer present (~30 sec: IM, STM, WM, "Attention", "Perception", or "Consciousness") |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the perceptual world tends to remain the same to a human observer depsite rather drastic physical alterations in sory input. A book seen from idfferent angles is still perceived as a rectangual book although the retinal image is distinctly trapezoidal in nature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generally, a stimulus characteristic of human perception that does not change. This term is most often used with the qualifier relative. That is, few things in this world are truly "invariant" but some objects and evnets display greater invariance and gretaer consistency from circumstance to circumstance than others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any unelaborated, elementary experiences of feeling or awareness of conditions within or outside of the body produced by the stimulation of some receptor or recptor system, a sense datum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collectively, those processes that give coherence and unity to sensory input. Included here are physical, physiological, nuerological, sensory, cognitive and affective components |
|
|
Term
| 2 defining properties of STM |
|
Definition
1. limited capacity (magic #7)
2. rapid forgetting (loss of information) |
|
|
Term
| controlled informaiton processing |
|
Definition
| STM requirement: active attention, verbal rehearsal |
|
|
Term
| content or kind of information encoded - (criteria for distinguishing memoy systems) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| principles of operation - (criteria for distinguishing memoy systems) |
|
Definition
| encoding/storage/retrieval |
|
|
Term
| duration/persistence of information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| underlying neural structures and processing mechanisms - (criteria for distinguishing memoy systems) |
|
Definition
| neurobiology -> neural circuits -- cellular/molecular levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HM, EP, NA, Clive Wearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| declarative/episodic memories |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| limbic system - emotional memories |
|
|
Term
| basal ganglia, cerebellum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| performance on experimental tasks involving the CAPACITY TO STORE & RETRIEVE small amounts of verbal/visual-spatial information over bried intervals, tested either immediately or after very short delays (measured by simple span tests) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a multi-component memory system that is used for the temporary STORAGE & MANIPULATION of information in tasks such as: reasoning, learning, problem solving and language/reading comprehension (measured by complex span tasks and is the central core component of complex thought & reasoning) |
|
|
Term
| Immediate memory span (information capacity or span of apprehension) is dependent upon what 2 things? |
|
Definition
1. remembering what the test items were (item information)
2. remembering the order of the items (order information) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| after 45 days did a span of 85 digits (used some kind of strategy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rapid foretting (studied @ Linley Hall), gave the CCC trigram which was the perterson task and trace decay |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| prevents from maintaining C in immediate memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primacy effects are thought to depend principally on LTM
-reflects tendency to actively rehearse the first few test items during their initial presentation and throughout the remainder of the study list
-rehearsed items have a better chance of entering LTM, making them more available for later recall |
|
|
Term
| recency effect is immune to what 5 factors? |
|
Definition
1. presentation rate
2. word frequency
3. imageability
4. age
5. physiological state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retrieval of information from STM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mnemonist looking like he can scan this thing independently |
|
|
Term
| why aren't there general laws of memory? |
|
Definition
| "IT DEPENDS" - the laws are relative to the conditions that you are studying them under |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| doesn't produce optimal storage - recycling, repeating over and over - "coding rehearsal" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "elaborative rehearsal" - encouraged. produces long term encoding |
|
|
Term
| difference between STM and WM |
|
Definition
STM: performance on experimental tasks involving the MENTAL CAPACITY TO STORE & RETRIEVE small amounts of information over brief intervals, tested either immediately or after a very short delay (simple span tasks)
WM: a memory system that allows for the temporary STORAGE & MANIPULATION of information to use in reasoning, learning, problem solving and language/reading comprehension (complex memory span tasks, beanie babies w kids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| buzzword: control process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| systems that can be very quickly adjusted and adapted |
|
|
Term
| why is WM a multicomponent system? |
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Definition
| used for the active MAINTENANCE, PROCESSING & MANIPULATION of AVL & V-S memort codes in immediate memory/consciousness |
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| we rely on things to help us like a planner |
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| don't actually show symptoms yet (concussions/hearing loss) |
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known for his contribution to the study of rapid transience. During the 1970s, Shallice and Warrington administered psychological tests in which subjects were presented with a list of numbers and asked to recall them shortly thereafter. KF was among the participants, and was found to be able to remember only a single digit. This memory deficit was the result of a stroke that damaged the surface of the left cerebral hemisphere of his parietal lobe, rendering KF unable to store memories within his phonological loop, which plays a major role in working memory and attention. Interestingly, KF’s long-term memory is intact, indicating that the phonological loop is not crucial to the encoding or retrieval of memories. As it happens, the phonological loop has been implicated in language acquisition, so although KF and patients with similar brain injuries are normally functioning individuals, it is nearly impossible for them to learn new vocabulary.
Obtaining new vocabulary and remebering more than one number is impossible for KF because when there is damage to the phonological loop, information that is usually kept for 1-2 seconds is forgotten before it is repeated to be remembered. |
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| could only pair words together that were english, couldn't do it with foreign language |
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| importance with Baddeley and Hitch? |
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| serial position curve: found - primacy effect (effected LTM) |
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| children with learning disabilities take a big hit where? |
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| post lingual hearing loss |
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| learned language then had a problem |
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| what methodology has basically become the gold standard? |
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| the complex reading span task |
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| The maestro of the motion offense - the virtuoso of executive control |
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| talking to self to control own behavior |
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| 6 evidence for phonological loop? |
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1. phonological similarity effect
2. articulatory supression effect
3. irrelevant speech effect
4. word length effect
5. talker-vaiability effect
6. modality effect |
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| much higher recency effects with auditory input |
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| phonological similarity effect |
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| if words are confusable with each other (sound similar) it is really hard for someone |
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