Term
| What was the early view of memory, and what changed it? |
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Definition
Memory was one component; either you forget or you remember
Until HM (Henry Molalson) in 1950s had hippocampus removed and coould not form new memories but could recall events before the surgery and showed improvement on repeated tasks but could not remembre doing them (star test) |
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Term
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Definition
The ability to store and use information
includes storage what has learned and what has been remembred |
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Term
| What is the 3 stage model of memory |
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Definition
classification of the memories based on how long the memory lasts
-sensory memory
-short term memory
-long term memory |
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Term
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Definition
holds info in its orignial sensory form for very breief period of time (2-3s)
Info isn't analyzed |
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Term
| What are the 2 (most common) types of sensory memories? |
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Definition
Iconic- brief visual record left on retina
Echoic- short term retention of sounds |
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Term
| What is short term memory? |
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Definition
hold a limited amount of info before it is either transfered to long term memeroy storage or forgotten.
info stays for 2-30 s and will stay longer if rehearsed |
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Term
| Short term memory is aka working memory because: |
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Definition
| it is important part of problem solving, involved in reading and planning what to say in convo |
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Term
| What is short term capacity? is limited to: |
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Definition
| Short term memory is limited to:between 5-9 numbers/digits/or chunks of info |
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Term
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Definition
| process of breaking down a list of items to be remembered into smaller set of meaningful units (social security numbers and phone numbers w/ -dashes-) |
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Term
| What is the braddely model? |
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Definition
Short term memory model (2003-07)
1. Attending to a stimulus (given attn)
2. Storing infor about stimulus
3. Rehearsing the stored process to help solve a problem |
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Term
| In the braddely model of STM, explain attending? |
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Definition
involves focusing and switching attn
regulated by a master attn control system |
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Term
| In the braddely model of STM, explain storing? |
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Definition
3 temporary storage systems
-phonological loops- sounds and language
-visuospatial sketch pad for images and spatial relationships
-episodic buffer- special events, info held here will become LTM |
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Term
| In the braddely model of STM, explain rehearsing? |
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Definition
process of repeatedly practicing material so that it enters long term memory
-prep for a presentation in class
After a minute or 2 info may move to LTM otherwise its lost |
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Term
| What is the Serial Position Effect |
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Definition
tendency to have better recall for items in list according to their position on the list
Discovered by Mary Whiton Calkins (1898)
2 effects:
Primary- better recall for items at beginning of list
Recency- better recall for tems at end of list |
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Term
| Explanation to serial position effect: |
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Definition
items at beginning of list are quickly rehearsed and transferred to LTM
itmes in middle of list are being pushed out of STM and can't be put into LTM b/c additional items are coming in
items at end of list are still being held in STM once are all items are done. |
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Term
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Definition
stores a vast amount of info for as little as 30s or as long as a lifetime
includes names of 1st pets and knowledge of how to reaf
Memories still degrade and generally must be accessed repeatedly to increase storage space |
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Term
| What are 2 types of Long term memory? brief description |
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Definition
1. implicit memory- how to rid a bike, add/subtract
2. explicit memory-where you left you keys, what you did |
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Term
Define Implicit memory
aka
which skills?
types: |
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Definition
knowledge based on previous experience
aka nondeclarative memory bc it cant directly recalled
includes skills that are difficult for us to describe and how to perform but easier to demonstrate
includes
-procedural memory
-priming |
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Term
| What is procedural memory |
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Definition
implicit knowledge for almost any behavior or physical skill we've learned
Was not affected by HM
Throwing a baseball and driving |
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Term
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Definition
implicit memory that arises when recall is improved by exposure to the same or similar stimuli
Ex: Mulitiple Choice test- the answer is on the page so it clues you into remembering |
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Term
What is Explicit Memory
aka
Types |
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Definition
consists of conscious recall of facts and events
aka declarative memory
two types:
semantic memory
episodic memory |
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Term
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Definition
| memory of FACTS and general knowledge (Ab lincoln gave the gettysburg address) |
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Term
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Definition
memory of EXPERIENCES we have had
autobiographical/personal
~what first kiss felt like |
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Term
| What are the 4 stages of long term memory, what do they accomplish? |
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Definition
4 processing stages for moving sensory input from STM and then into LTM
1. Encoding
2. Consolidation
3. Storage
4. Retrieval |
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Term
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Definition
Process the brain attends to take in and integrate new info
2 types:
-autonomic processing
-effortful processing |
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Term
| What weakens encoding stage? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is autonomic processing of the encoding stage? |
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Definition
| encoding info that ocurrs with little effort or conscious attn |
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Term
| What is effortful proccessing? |
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Definition
encoding info that occurs with careful atttention and conscious effert
(purposeful) |
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Term
| What are the 3 levels within encoding? |
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Definition
3 levels of processing:
-structural processing: shallow form (structure of word)
-Phonemic processing: better than structural, not as strong as semantic. Sounds- does cat ryhm with hat?
-semantic proc- deepest level, fill in the blanks |
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Term
| We are more likely to remember something with |
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Definition
| the deeper level of encoding we use. Semantic processing is the highest level of remembering |
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Term
| The video on Mnemonic devices showed that: |
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Definition
| Memory increases by adding a story to it. |
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Term
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Definition
establishing, stabilizing or solidifying a memory
2nd stage of LTM formation
Resistant to distraction, interference, and decay
sleep aids in consolidation (enhances mem)
Learning over a long period of time |
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Term
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Definition
retentionof memory over time
3rd stage
memory stored in 3 ways:
-hierarchies
-schemas
-associative networks |
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Term
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Definition
organizing related pieces of info from the most specific to the most general
acts as a filter |
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Term
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Definition
mental frameworks that develop from people objects and events
-difference perceptions and experiences become associated by their degree of closeness or relatedness
organizes infor
can distort and diminsh future experiences
Ex: having a good memories w/you lab when child makes you like dogs now |
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Term
| What are associative networks? |
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Definition
a chain of associations between related concpets
->The schemas are the nodes and the associative networks connect the dots (each concept) |
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Term
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Definition
4th stage of Long term memory processing
ease depends on previous stages
some are retrieved unconsciously= implicit memories (riding a bike)
some require conscious retrieval- explicit memories (have to try to remembre) |
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