Term
|
Definition
| memory systems that hold information for a very brief period of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a visual sensory registration process by which people retain an afterimage of a visual stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an auditory sensory registration process by which people retain an echo or brief auditory representation of a sound to which they have been exposed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory for information that is available to conciousness for roughly 20 to 30 seconds; also called working memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of repeating or studying information to retain it in memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of repeating information over and over to maintain it momentarily in STM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an aid to long-term memory storage that involves thinking about the meaning of information in order to process it with more depth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory for facts, images, thoughts, feelings, skills, and experiences that may last as long as a lifetime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process bringing information from long-term memory into short-term; also called working memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the phenomenon that people are more likely to remember information that appears first and last than information in the middle of the last |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| discrete but interdependent processing units responsible for different kinds of remembering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conscious "workspace" used for retrieving and manipulating information, maintained through maintenance rehearsal; also called short-term memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of organizing information into small, meaningful bits to aid memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| knowledge that can be consciously retrieved and "declared" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| general world knowledge or facts; also called genetic memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memories of particular episodes or events from personal experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| knowledge of procedure or skills that emerges when people engage in activities that require them; also called skill or habit memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the conscious recollection of facts and events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory that cannot be brought to mind consciously but can be expressed in behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the explicit recollections of material from long-term memory |
|
|
Term
| tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon |
|
Definition
| the experience in which people attempting but failing to recall information from memory know the information is "in there" but are not quite able to retrieve it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| explicit knowledge of whether something currently perceived has been previously encountered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the phenomenon in which the processing of specific information is facilitated by prior exposure to the same or similar information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory as it occurs in daily life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory for events that have already occurred |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory for things that need to be done in the future |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to information that is cast into a representation form, or "code," so that it can be readily accessed from memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree to which information is elaborated, reflected upon, or processed in a meaningful way during encoding of memory |
|
|
Term
| encoding specificity principle |
|
Definition
| the notion that the march between the way information is encoded and the way it is retrieved is important to remembering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimuli or thoughts that can be used to stimulate retrieval |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the superior long-term retention of information rehearsed in sessions spread out over longer intervals of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| systematic strategies for remembering information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a memory aid, or mnemonic device, in which images are remembered by fitting them into an orderly arrangement of locations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mnemonic device designed for helping students remember material from textbooks, which includes five steps: survey, question, read, recite, and review |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clusters of interconnected information stored in long-term memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cluster or piece of information along a network of association |
|
|
Term
| spreading activation theory |
|
Definition
| the theory that the presentation of a stimulus triggers activation of closely related nodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| especially vivid memories of exciting or highly consequential events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the notion that memories are lost as a result of a fading of the memory trace |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the intrusion of similar memories on one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a phenomenon in which old memories that have already been stored interfere with the retrieval of new information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interference of new information with the retrieval of old information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| manipulating mental representations for a purpose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visual representations of a stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| representations that describe, explain, or predict the way things work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groupings based on common properties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mental representation of a category of objects , ideas, or events that share common properties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of identifying an object as in an instance of a category, recognizing its similarity to some objects and dissimilarity to others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| qualities that are essential, or necessarily present, in order to classify an object as a member of a category |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concepts that have properties clearly setting them apart from the other concepts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a particularly good example of a category |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the level of categorization to which people naturally go; the level at which objects share distinctive common attributes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a level of categorization below the basic level in which more specific attributes are shared by members of a category |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the more abstract level of categorization in which members of a category share few common features |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which people generate and evaluate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of reasoning from specific observations to general propositions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of reasoning that draws logical conclusions from premises |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a formal statement of deductive reasoning which consists of two premises that lead to a logical conclusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which people understand a novel situation in terms of a familiar one |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of transforming one situation into another that meets a goal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| problems in which there is adequate information to solve the problem and clear criteria by which to determine whether the problem has been solved |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation in which both the information needed to solve a problem and the criteria that determine whether the goals are attained are vague |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mini-goals on the way to achieving a broader goal |
|
|
Term
| problem-solving strategies |
|
Definition
| techniques used to solve problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| systematic problem-solving procedures that inevitably produce a solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a problem-solving strategy in which people imagine the steps to problem solving mentally before actually undertaking them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to ignore other possible functions of an object when one already has a function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for people to search for information that confirms their expectations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which people weigh the pros and cons of different alternatives in order to make a choice among two or more options |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a combined measure of the importance of an attribute and how well a given option satisfies it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a combined assessment of the value and probability of different options |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thinking that involves conscious manipulation of representation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in problem solving, cognitive short-cuts or rules of thumb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cognitive shortcut used to assess whether an object or incident belongs in a particular class |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a strategy that leads people to judge the frequency of a class of events or the likelihood of something happening on the basis of how easy it is to retrieve from explicit memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the notion that people are rational within constraints imposed by their environment, goals, and ablities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thinking that occurs outside awareness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a model of human cognitive processes in which many cognitive processes occur simultaneously so that a representation is distributed throughout a network of interacting processing units; also parallel distributed processing (PDP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to settle on a cognitive solution that satisfies as many constraints as possible in order to achieve the best fit to the data |
|
|
Term
| dorsolateral prefrontal cortex |
|
Definition
| an area in the brain that plays a central role in working memory and explicit manipulation or representation |
|
|
Term
| ventromedial prefontral cortex |
|
Definition
| an area in the brain that serves many functions, including helping people use their emotional reactions to guide decision making and behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the system of symbols, sounds, meaning, and rules for their combination that constitutes the primary mode of communication among humans |
|
|
Term
| Whorfian hypothesis of linguistic relativity |
|
Definition
| the notion that language shapes thought |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the smallest units of speech that distinguish one linguistic utterance from another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in language, the smallest units of meaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups of words that act as a unit and convey a meaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unites of language that combines a subject and predicate and express a thought or meaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rules that govern the placement of specific words within a sentence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system of rules for generating understandable and acceptable language utternances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rules that govern the meanings, rather than the order, of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the way language is used and understood in everyday life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the way people ordinarily speak, hear, read, and write in interconnected sentences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mode of communication that relies on gestures, expressions, intonation, body language, and other unspoken signals |
|
|
