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| __________ is the transmission of genetic information from parent to offspring. |
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| __________ is the science of heredity. |
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| __________ __________ are differences between parent and offspring or among individuals of a population. |
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| __________ is the physical appearance of an organism. |
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| __________ is the genetic constitution of an organism. |
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| __________ __________ __________ produces only offspring expressing the same phenotype. |
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Term
| __________ __________ mask recessive ones when both are present within the same individual. |
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Term
| __________ are information units in chromosomes. |
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| __________ is the site of a gene in a chromosome. |
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Term
| __________ are different forms of a gene which govern variations of the same character and are on the same loci on homologous chromosomes. |
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Term
| __________ genes have a pair of alleles on homologous chromosomes. |
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Term
| __________ is a term used to describe two identical alleles. |
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Term
| __________ is a term used to describe two different alleles. |
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Term
| __________ __________ is when both members of the homologous pair has the dominant allele at the locus in question. |
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Term
| __________ is when one member of the homologous pair has the dominant allele and the other has the recessive allele. |
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| __________ __________ is when both members of the homologous pairs have the recessive allele at the locus in question. |
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Definition
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Term
Genotype Aa can produce __________ gametes
Genotype AA can produce __________ gametes
Genotype aa can produce __________ gametes
a. Either A or a
b. A only
c. a only
d. Either AA, Aa, or aa |
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Definition
1) a. Either A or a
2) b. A only
3) c. a only |
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Term
| __________ __________ was the first scientist to effectively apply quantitative methods to the study of inheritance. |
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Definition
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Term
| The experiments of Mendel led to the discover and explanation of major principles of heredity, including the __________ __________ __________ and __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Principle of segregation
2) Independent assortment |
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Term
| Mendel used garden pea plants for his studies. Why do you think he chose them? (Name three reasons). |
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Definition
Mendel choose to use pea plants for many purposes; however, the five most vital are listed:
1) Easy to grow
2) Many variations
3) True breeding lines
4) controlled pollination very easy to conduct
5) Relatively inexpensive |
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Term
| What is true breeding line and why do you think it was important to use them for early studies of inheritance? |
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Definition
| 1) True-breeding lines are pure and easier to track due to their genetic simplicity and consistent variation through generations. |
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Term
| What are some of the limits of the Punnet Square? |
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Definition
| 1) It is often difficult to determine which alleles are carried by an organism from its phenotype alone (great difficulty in determining genotype of homozygous dominant or heterozygous due to the dominant allele being expressed in both situations). |
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Term
| The __________ __________ __________ states that for reproduction to occur the two alleles carried by an individual parent must become separated and hence each gamete formed contains only one allele of each pair and the offspring gets one allele for each trait from each parent. |
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Definition
| 1) Principle of segregation |
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Term
The principle of segregation can be witnessed during the process of __________ where __________ __________ separate and hence each gamete (egg or sperm) contains only __________ allele for each pair.
This ensures __________ alleles are not lost and can reappear. |
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Definition
1) Meiosis
2) Homologous chromosomes
3) One
4) Recessive |
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Term
In a __________ __________, an individual with an unknown genotype is crossed with a __________ __________ individual in an attempt to determine the genotype of the unknown individual.
This technique is also known as a __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Test cross
2) Homozygous recessive
3) Back-cross |
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Term
| A __________ __________ involves individuals that have different alleles at two loci. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ __________ __________ __________ states that alleles of different loci on __________ __________ chromosomes are randomly (or independently) distributed into gametes. |
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Definition
1) Principle of Independent Assortment
2) Non-homologous
3) |
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Term
__________ explains that members of a gene pair separate from one another prior to gamete formation.
__________ explains that members of different gene pairs distribute randomly into gametes.
a. Principle of independent assortment
b. Principle of segregation |
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Definition
1) b. Principle of segregation
2) a. Principle of independent assortment |
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Term
The __________ __________ is the probability of two independent events occurring together.
-If both parents are Bb what is the probability they will produce a child bb?
The __________ __________ is the probability of obtaining an outcome that can be obtained in more than one way.
-If both parents are Bb what is the probability they will produce a child Bb? |
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Definition
1) Product rule
2) 1/4 or 25%
3) Sum rule
4) 1/2 or 50% |
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Term
| What is the probability that if a couple has four (4) children that all four will be of the same sex? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the probability that if a couple has four (4) children that they will have two (2) boys and two (2) girls, in any order? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a couple is planning on having three children, what is the probability that only ONE will be female? |
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Definition
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Term
| Genes are arranged in a __________ order on each chromosome. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ are when two loci lie close together in the same pair of homologous chromosomes, leading independent assortment to no longer apply. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is the tendency for a group of genes on the same chromosome to be inherited together. |
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Definition
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Term
| A __________ __________ __________ __________ can be used to observe linkage since the alleles of two loci are involved. |
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Definition
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Term
| A two point test cross usually occurs between an individual that is __________ at both loci and an individual that is __________ __________ for both. |
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Definition
1) Heterozygous
2) Homozygous recessive |
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Term
If two loci were unlinked - on different chromosomes - the heterozygous parent in a test cross would produce __________ kinds of gametes in equal numbers.
The independent assortment mentioned above would produce offspring with new gene combinations not present in the parental generation, a process known as __________.
Each recombinant type of gamete arises through __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Four
2) Recombination
3) Crossing over |
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Term
| Recombination of linked genes can result from __________ __________ (breaking and rejoining of homologous __________ in meiotic __________ __________). |
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Definition
1) Crossing over
2) Chromatids
3) Prophase I |
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Term
Normal females have __________ __________ chromosomes.
Normal males have __________ __________ chromosomes.
Male receives his X linked genes from his __________.
Female receives her X linked genes from __________.
Use the following choices for the last two (2) questions:
a. Mother
b. Father
c. Both parents |
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Definition
1) XX
2) XY
3) a. Mother
4) c. Both parents |
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Term
| The __________ chromosome is the sex determining gene while the __________ chromosome contains many important genes unrelated to sex determination. |
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Definition
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Term
| Color-blindness is a sex-linked trait. A woman who is a carries has two (2) boys with a color blinded man. What is the probability that both boys are color blind? |
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Definition
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Term
| Color-blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. A woman is born color blind. What can be said with certainty about her family (father, mother, and brothers). |
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Definition
1) Woman XcXc
Mom - XcXc
Dad - Xcy
Brother - XcY |
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Term
__________ __________ is a process that occurs in __________ mammals in which only one of two __________ chromosomes is expressed in each cell.
The inactive X chromosome becomes a __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Dosage Compensation
2) Female
3) X
4) Barr body |
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Term
Identify the following conditions:
XO - __________ __________
XXY - __________ __________
XYY - __________ __________
XXX - __________ __________ |
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Definition
1) Turner syndrome
2) Klinefelter syndrome
3) XYY kayotype
4) Triple X |
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Term
__________ ensures that recessive alleles are not lost during Meiosis and can reappear.
a. Principle of independent assortment
b. Principle of segregation
c. Disjunction
d. Mutation |
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Definition
| 1) b. Principle of segregation |
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Term
| In a test cross an individual with an unknown genotype is crossed with a __________ individual. |
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Definition
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Term
Calculate the probability:
If both parents are Bb what is the probability that the child is bb?
If both parents are Bb what is the probability that the child is Bb? |
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Definition
1) 1/4 or 25%
2) 1/2 or 50% |
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