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Med. Surg.
test 3
16
Nursing
Undergraduate 3
10/20/2009

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Cards

Term
Staging (TNM) system
Definition
Determines the size of the tumor and or metastasis
T = tumor
N = lymph node
M = metastasis
Term
grading:
Definition
Classification of tissue origin or tumor characteristics

G1 well differentiated- better outcomes

G4 poorly differentiated- poorer outcomes
Term
T= tumor
Definition
T1- T4 = increasing in size and extent

TO = no tumor

TX = tumor can’t be assessed

TIS = cancer in situ
Term
N= lymph
Definition
N1-N3 = advancing nodal involvement

NO = nodes not involved

NX = nodes cant be assessed
Term
M= metastasis
Definition
MO = no metastasis

MI = metastasis present

MX = can’t be assessed
Term
Tumor markers
Definition
Substances secreted in associated with specific cancers, the tumor cells stimulate the production

Generally not used for diagnosis, because they are often not measurable until cancer is well advances

Success come with following a patients response to treatment
Term
Cancer treatment:
Definition
Surgery

Radiation

Chemotherapy
Term
Surgery types
Definition
diagnostic durgery

treatment surgery

palliative surgery

reconstructive surgery

preventative surgery
Term
Diagnostic surgery
Definition
cytologic specimens from aspirated fluids of effusions or tissues via endoscopy, bronchoscopy, laryngoscopy, solposcopy, laparoscopy

needle biopsy

excisional (take the whole thing)biopsy

incisional (takes a piece) biopsy
Term
treatment surgery
Definition
cancer is resected, resulting in: cure, remission or both
Term
palliative surgery
Definition
reduce pain

relieve airway, GI, GU abstruction

relieve pressure

drain abscess

prevent hemorrhage
Term
reconstructive surgery
Definition
to fix things, reconstruct tissues
Term
preventative
Definition
prevent polyps
Term
Radiation
Definition
use of high-energy ionizing radiation to tx cancer

rapidly dividing cells are more sensitive to radiation

ionizing radiation reduces the cells ability to reproduce by damaging its DNA

normal cells have greater potential to repair sub-lethal levels of radiation
Term
types of radiation
Definition
external beam

internal radiation
Term
external beam
Definition
radiation delivered from a source placed some distance away from the target sight

administered by the RT department by high-energy x-ray or gamma ray
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