Term
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Definition
| Cells that lack normal cellular characteristics and differ in shape and organization with respect to their cells of origin; usually, anaplastic cells are malignant. |
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Term
| Biologic response modifier |
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Definition
| Use of agents or treatment methods that can alter the immunologic relationship between the tumor and the host to provide a therapeutic benefit. |
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Term
| Biologic response modifier |
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Definition
| Use of agents or treatment methods that can alter the immunologic relationship between the tumor and the host to provide a therapeutic benefit. |
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Term
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Definition
| A diagnostic procedure to remove a small sample of tissue to be examined microscopically to detect malignant cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Delivery of radiation therapy through internal implants. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease process whereby cells proliferate abnormally, ignoring growth-regulating signals in the environment surrounding the cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of transforming normal cells into malignant cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Use of medications to kill tumor cells by interfering with cellular functions and reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| Containment of the growth of cancer cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Prolonged survival and disappearance of all evidence of disease so that the patient has the same life expectance as anyone else in his or her age group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substances produced by cells of the immune system to enhance production and functioning of components of the immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bizarre cell growth resulting in cells that differ in size, shape or arrangement from other cells of the same type of tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Leakage of medication from the veins into the subcutaneous tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Identification of the type of tissue from which the tumor originated and the degree to which the tumor cells retain the functional and structural characteristics of the tissue of origin. |
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Term
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Definition
| An immune response initiated by T lymphocytes of donor tissue against the recipient's tissues (skin, GI tract, liver); an undesireable response. |
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Term
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Definition
| The donor cell response against the malignancy; a desireable response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in the number of cells of a tissue; most often associated with periods of rapid body growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Having cells or processes that are characteristic of cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| Conversion of one type of mature cell into another type of cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to distant sites. |
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Term
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Definition
| Suppression of the blood cell-producing function of the bone marrow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lowest point of white blood cell depression after therapy that has toxic effects on the bone marrow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Uncontrolled cell growth that follows no physiologic demand. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormally low absolute neutrophil count |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Relief of symptoms associated with cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| Use of ionizing radiation to interrupt the growth of malignant cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the oral tisues, often associated with some chemotherapeutic agents. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of determining the size and spread, or metastasis of the tumor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cancer treatments that seek to minimize the negative effects on healthy tissues by disrupting specific cancer cell functions such as malignant transformation, communication pathways, processes for growth and metastasis, and genetic coding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decrease in the number of circulating platelets; associated with the potential for bleeding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein on the membrane of cancer cells that distinguishes the malignant cell from a benign cell of the same tissue type. |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that can cause tissue necrosis and damage, particularly when extravasated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dry oral cavity resulting from decreased function of salivary glands. |
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Term
| What is the first stage of carcinogenesis called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain what haooens during initiation. |
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Definition
| Initiators (carcinogens), such as chemicals, physical factors, and biologic agents, escape normal enzymatic mechanisms and alter the genetic structure of the cellular DNA. These mutations usually are not significant to cells until the second step of carcinogenesis. |
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Term
| What is the second step of carcinogenesis called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain what happens during promotion |
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Definition
| Repeated exposure to promoting agents (carcinogens) causes the expression of abnormal or mutant genetics information even after long latency periods. Latency periods for the promotion of cellular mutations vary with the type of agent and the dosage of the promoter as well as the innate characteristics of the target cell. |
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Term
| What are proto-oncogenes? |
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Definition
| They are oncogenes that act as an "on-switch" for cellular growth. Proto-oncogenes are influenced by multiple growth factors that stimulate cell proliferation, such as epidermal growth factor. |
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Term
| Where is the K-ras proto-oncogene located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What must happen to suppressor genes for malignant cells to reproduce? |
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Definition
| They must become mutated, rearranged, or amplified, or lose their regulatory capabilities. |
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Term
| What is a tumor suppressor gene that is frequently mutated in many human cancers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during progression? |
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Definition
| The cellular changes formed during initiation and promotion exhibit increased malignant behavior. These cells have a propensity to invade adjacent tissues and to metastasize. Agents that initiate or promote cellular transformation are referred to as carcinogens. |
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Term
| What is an additional treatment option after primary tumor removal surgery that uses an extensive surgical approach to treat the local recurrence of a cancer after the use of a less extensive primary approach? |
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Definition
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Term
| A doctor decides to remove a patient's breast after a lumpectomy does not deter the growth of cancer. What type of surgery is the mastectomy? |
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Definition
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