Term
|
Definition
| taking in of oxygen, utilization in the tissues and expelling carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flow of gas in and out of the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood flow through the pulmonary circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecules of gas pass from an area of high concentration to one of lower concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| active process stimulated by the chemical receptors in the aorta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability of the lungs to reduce in volume after being stretched |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elasticity of lungs and elastic recoil of the chest wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passive process depends on lung elasticity and recoil |
|
|
Term
| DURING INTUBATION IT CAN BE ACCIDENTILY INTUBATED OR WHN A FOREIGN OBJECT IS ASPIRAted FROM THE THROAT IT OFTEN ENDS UP IN THE R BRONCHUS |
|
Definition
| becuase the right brochus is wider and shorter and more vertical than the left bronchus, what issues may this cause? |
|
|
Term
| because about 65% of the lung function occurs in the right lung |
|
Definition
| why does ANY PROBLEM WITH THE R LUNG INTERFERES WITH OXYGENATION MORE THAN IF PROBLEM W/ L LUNG? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this SYSTEM CARRIES BLOOD THRU THE BRONCHIAL ARTERIES TO MEET THE MET DEMANDS OF THE LUNGS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this circulation SUPPLIES THE LUNGS WITH BLOOD FOR GAS EXCHANGE |
|
|
Term
V/Q RATIO – IN A HEALTHY LUNG A GIVEN AMT OF BLOOD PASSES AN ALVEOLUS AND IS MATCHED W/ AN EQUAL AMT OF GAS
RATION IS 1:1 VENTILATION MATCHES PERFUSION |
|
Definition
| what is the V/Q ratio supposed to be? |
|
|
Term
ALVEOLI DO NOT HAVE AN ADEQ BLOOD SUPPLY FOR GAS EXCHANGE TO OCCUR
PE OR CARDIOGENIC SHOCK |
|
Definition
| what happens if V exceeds Q? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where does O2 and CO2 exchange occur in the lungs? |
|
|
Term
| ABSENCE OF VENT & PERF SUCH AS ARDS OR PNEUMOTHORAX |
|
Definition
| what is the "silent unit" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adequate gas exchange depends on what? |
|
|
Term
| size and pressure within the chest cavity |
|
Definition
| breathing occurs through was to changes in the lungs? |
|
|
Term
| scalene, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius and pectoralis, abdominal muscles |
|
Definition
| what accessory muscles help in breathing? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this allows expiration to be a process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MORE DIFFICULT FOR LUNGS TO INFLATE, seen in pulmonary edema and pulmonary effusion |
|
|
Term
DECR4EASE IN ELASTIC RECOIL, STIFFENING OF THE CHEST WALL, Anterior/Posterior DIAMETER INCREASES , RESIDUAL VOLUME INCREASES
COSTAL CARTILAGE CALCIFIES INTERFERRING WITH LUNG EXPANSION, decline in cell-mediated immunity, body's response to hypoxia and hypercarbia decreases |
|
Definition
| what are some age-related changes that happen in to the lungs? |
|
|
Term
| SMALL AIRWAYS IN BASE OF LUNGS CLOSE EARLIER IN EXPIRATION MORE INSPIRED AIR IS DISTRIBUTED TO LUNG APICES |
|
Definition
| when the outward curve of the spine increases, such as in kyopnosis, what does this do to breathing? |
|
|
Term
| LESS TOLERANCE FOR EXERTION MUCOUS MEMBRANES TEND TO BE DRIER |
|
Definition
| what happens when the V/Q is less well matched in older adults? |
|
|
Term
| blacks-due to dark nail beds |
|
Definition
| these groups normally show a lower oxygen saturation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this represents the percentage of o2 bound to HG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| partial pressure of carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| partial pressure of oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| partial pressure of alveolar oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| partial pressure of alveolar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| partial pressure of the arterial oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| partial pressure of the arterial CO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| partial pressure of venous oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gases are carried in what two places? |
|
|
Term
| oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| arterial oxygen saturation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where is most CO2 carried? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this is the amount of 02 available to bind to hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| goes to lungs, combines with water to make carbonic acid |
|
Definition
| where does CO2 from cellular metabolism go, what does it combine with and form? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the blood pH changes according to the level of what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this represents the adequacy of alveolar ventilation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pt smoked 3 packs per day for 15 years, what are the pack years? |
|
|
Term
| cystic fibrosis, lung cancers, alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (risk factor for emphysema) |
|
Definition
| what are some respiratory disorders with a genetic component that you would want to get from a patient when asking family history? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this is the main sign of lung cancer |
|
|
Term
| pulmonary pain feels like something is rubbing, pain is NOT made worse by touching of pressing over the area, cardiac is more of a crushing pain |
|
Definition
| how do you distinguish cardiac pain from pulmonary pain? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| paroxysmal noctorunal dyspnea |
|
Definition
| intermittent dyspnea during sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perforated holes found in the sinuses is a result of what usually? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vibration of the chest wall produced when the patient speaks, it can be felt on the chest wall |
|
|
Term
| with a pneumothorax or pleural effusion |
|
Definition
| when if fremitus decreased? |
|
|
Term
| pneumonia and absesses-they increase the density of the thorax and enhance transmissions of the vibrations |
|
Definition
| when is fremitus increased? |
|
|
Term
| additional breath sounds superimposed on normal breath sounds--indicate pathological changes |
|
Definition
| what are adventitious breath sounds? |
|
|
Term
| SMOKING POLLENS, ALLERGIES, MEDICATIONS |
|
Definition
| these cause decreased activity of the cilia and increase sinus issues/inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this is a late sign of hypoxia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this is a late sign of respiratory distress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if the RR is less than 8 minutes, what do you want to check for? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if the RR is lass than 16 minutes look for signs of labored breathing, what are the signs? |
|
|
Term
| rate and rhythm and quality of breathing |
|
Definition
| what do you inspect for respiratory? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these sounds can be heard in the tubular, tracheal area, heard more over expiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breath sounds heard over the branching bronchi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soft rustling sound heard over small bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| ABNORMAL TRACHEAL DEVIATON OCCURS AWAY FROM THE SIDE OF A TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX OR NECK MASS BUT TOWARD THE SIDE OF A PNEMONECTOMY OR LOBAR ATELECTASIS |
|
Definition
| IF when palpating, DEVIATION occurs of the trachea, TO ONE SIDE OR OTHER, which way will it deviate if there is a tension pneumothorax? what about a pnemonectomy or lobar atelectasis? |
|
|
Term
| normal breath sounds, adventitious sounds, voice sounds |
|
Definition
| what do you listen for when you auscultate the lungs? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upper lobes are best heard on what side of the body? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| air trapped under the skin, felt as a crackling sensation beneath fingertips |
|
|
Term
| discuss coping mechanisms and offer access to support systems. |
|
Definition
| in regards to stress on , what is the nursing role? |
|
|
Term
| RBC, ABG, Sputum and Culture |
|
Definition
| what labs are examined for respiratory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these evaluate lung function and breathing problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what are normal pulse ox values |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what pulse ox results are considered an emergency? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this pulse ox level is life threatening |
|
|
Term
| body tissues have a difficult time becoming oxygenated |
|
Definition
| when spO2 is below 85% then... |
|
|
Term
| hx, vs, i/o, weight, phys. exam, lab tests (cbc pt, ptt, platelet count, wbc), EKG, Oximetry |
|
Definition
| what data do you need for a complete assessment in gas transport? |
|
|
Term
| elevate legs, edema should go down |
|
Definition
| what do you do for venous insufficiency? |
|
|
Term
| kyphosis, ossification of costal cartilage, downward slant of the ribs |
|
Definition
| what are three things that are normal aging effects on gas exchange that limit chest expansion? |
|
|
Term
| chest wall muscles stiffen,weaken |
|
Definition
| what makes a cough less effective? |
|
|
Term
| diminished expiratory and inspiratory muscle strength |
|
Definition
| what aging effects affect blood oxygen (SO2)? |
|
|
Term
| decreased elastic recoil? |
|
Definition
| what makes gas exchange across alveolar membranes more difficult? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what happens when there is a decline in pressure gradient that holds airways open? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if a person has open ulcerations and edema, what kind of insufficiency is this? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if the legs are tight, white and hairless, with hyperpigmentation, what kind of insufficiency is this? |
|
|
Term
| they assess breathing problems include bronchoscopy, laryngoscopy, and mediastinoscopy |
|
Definition
| what do endoscopic studies do? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insertion of a tube in the airways, usually as far as the secondary bronchi, for the purpose of viewing airway structures and obtaining tissue samples for biopsy or culture |
|
|
Term
| NPO for 4-8 hours before the procedure to reduce risk for aspiration |
|
Definition
| what does the patient need to be on before the bronchoscopy? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this is when normal hemoglobin is converted to methmoglobin, results in tissue hypoxia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aspiration of pleural fluid or air from the pleural space |
|
|
Term
| they will feel stinging from anesthetic and pressure from the needle insertion |
|
Definition
| what do you need to tell the patient before a thoracentisis? |
|
|
Term
| that they should not move to avoid puncture of the pleura or lung |
|
Definition
| during a thoracentisis, what do you need to stress to the patient? |
|
|
Term
| sitting, leaning over with arms crossed to widen spaces between ribs |
|
Definition
| what position should the patient remain in during a thoracentisis? |
|
|
Term
| chest xray to rule out possible pneumothorax and mediastinal shift, monitor VS, auscultate breath sounds on the affected side, check the puncture site and dressing for leakage and bleeding, teach patent about pneumothorax |
|
Definition
| what is the follow up after a thoracentisis? |
|
|
Term
| yes, promotes expansion. need to teach them complications that could occur during the 1st 24 hours, pnuemothorax (characterized by air hunger, shallow respirations, rapid HR) |
|
Definition
| after a throacentisis, is it okay to have the patient deep breath what do you need to tech them? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this is performed to obtain tissue for histologic analysis, culture or cytologic exam, may be performed in patients room |
|
|
Term
| analgesic, explore patients fears, may feel some pressure when needle is inserted |
|
Definition
| what are the patient preparations for lung biopsy? |
|
|
