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| The Branch of Philosophy dealing with beauty or the beautiful |
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| Genre of philosophy that maintains that philosophy is a logical analysis of concepts |
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| The eternal and direct perception of God enjoyed by those who are in Heaven, imparting supreme happiness or blessedness |
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| The epistemic question posed by evil is whether the world contains undesirable states of affairs that provide the basis for an argument that makes it unreasonable for anyone to believe in God. |
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| The theory that universals are concepts and exist only in the mind |
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| Study of the origin and evolution of the universe as a whole |
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| An established belief or doctrine thought to be authoritative and not to be disputed |
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| Philosophical belief that reality and the universe are essentially an arrangement of binary opposites. (Spirit and Body, Good and Evil, etc.) |
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Dualistic religious system of Mani-Mesopotamian Gnostic of the 3rd Century
Combination of Gnostic Christianity, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, etc.
Basic doctrine of a conflict between light and dark
Matter is considered dark and evil |
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| Branch of philosophy that sees all knowledge as being based in experience, for example, the experience of the senses, as distinct from theory or logic |
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| The study of the nature of knowledge or related concepts, justification and rationality. |
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| The attribute (or set of attributes) that make an object or substance what it fundamentally is |
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| Philosophical study of moral values and rules |
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| Pleasure is the principle good and proper goal of all action |
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| Matter is the only reality - no supernatural. |
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| Theory that all natural phenomena can be explained by physical causes |
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| Concerned with explaining the ultimate nature of reality, being, and the world. |
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| Religion based on mystical communion with an ultimate reality. |
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| World can be understood in scientific terms without recourse to supernatural explanations |
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| A is said to be a necessary of B if the falsity of A guarantees the falsity of B. |
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| A is sufficient for B if the truth of A guarantees the truth of B. |
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| Literally "belief in nothing". No ultimate truth or reality that supports moral values - existence is meaningless. |
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| Various objects labeled by the same term have nothing in common but their name. |
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| The metaphysical study of the nature of being and existence. |
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| The belief that God is in the universe. |
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| Worship that admits or tolerates all Gods. Also belief that God is in the universe and all that it comprises. |
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| Basic teaching - ultimate reality cannot be found in everyday life, but in the world of forms. Actual things are copies of ideas. |
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| Doctrine that reality consists of several basic substances or elements |
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| Principle of non-contridiction |
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| Being is not non-Being, or A is not not A. |
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| Everything is either A or not A |
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| Concept of knowledge that denies empiricism |
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| Belief that knowledge is acquired by reason without resort to experience |
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| Theory that all complex systems can be completely understood in terms of their components |
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| All criteria of judgment are relative to the individual and situations involved |
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| System of philosophy based on Aristotle and the church Fathers - embraces all intellectual activities |
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| Information gathered by our 5 senses |
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| Presenting a deliberately invalid argument in a debate to deceive someone. |
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| The real physical matter of which a person or thing consists |
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| Literally "end" - denotes the end or ends towards which thinking moves |
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ideas/concepts/forms
the idea of a thing "chairness", "beauty" |
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view that confirms the existence of universals
extreme: universals (forms/ideas) exist independently of both particular things and human minds |
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medieval moderate realism: universals exist only in the mind of God, as patterns by which he creates particular things
medieval extreme: universals exist independently of both the human mind and particular things
abstract concepts (universals, ideas, forms) exist independent of their names
epistemologically-the object known is independent of the knowing mind
ontologically-universals exist external to our minds
belief that reality is extra-mental
aristotelian-universals (forms) must exist only within the objects in the external world, as opposed to the realm of ideas/forms |
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the archetypes or patterns according to which all things are constructed
intelligible realities which transcend the material world of sensible objects which somehow resemble or participate in them. |
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philosophical school of thought founded by Plotinus, drawing from Plato
all "being" emanates (or "flows out") from The One or The Good (i.e. God)
has a mystical element in which a person can participate in/be united to The One. |
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Ultimate reality cannot be defined objectively.
The individual comes to a personal inference of ultimate reality according to his own unique experiences (finds his own purpose)
carve out your own destiny according to your own yearnings to become an authentic human being |
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four philosophical arguments purporting to show the impossibility of motion.
a body in motion can reach a given point only after having traversed half the distance. But before traversing half, it must traverse half of this half, and so on ad infinitum; consequently, the goal can never be reached. |
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| Plato's Allegory of the Cave |
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| cave dwellers see only the shadows of reality |
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[from bottom to top]
visible realm-imitations/images/shadows - illusion/imagination
visible realm-physical things/sense objects - belief/opinion
intelligible realm-mathematical ideas - thinking/mathematical understanding/comprehension
intelligible realm-The Good/the Forms - understanding/participation in the forms |
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is completely independent in its causality, it is not dependent upon another for its existence.
a term used in philosophical and theological arguments for the existence of God in connection with thinking about the spontaneous generation of life, as well as about cosmogonies and the source of the cosmos or "all-being". |
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| a philosophical concept proposed by Aristotle. This is the agent which brings something about, for example, in the case of a statue, it is the person chiseling away, and the act of chiseling, that causes the statue. This answers the question, how does it happen? |
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a branch of philosophical ethics concerned with classifying actions as right and wrong.
Normative ethics attempts to develop a set of rules governing human conduct, or a set of norms for action. It deals with what people should believe to be right and wrong |
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| a morally right action is an action that produces good consequences. In other words, the ends justify the means. |
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pragmatism asserts that truth is to be determined by its practical implications. In other words, if a certain proposition, etc. has practical meaning or produces practical results, then the proposition is determined to be true.
philosophical truth (usually ethics, sometimes aesthetics) is determined by the practical outcome or result of ideas.
Pragmatist ethics is broadly humanist because it sees no ultimate test of morality beyond what matters for us as humans. Good values are those for which we have good reasons |
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The rationally knowable morality which is founded in God's will for His creatures. Moral law is not innate, but deduced from experience according to Aquinas and Locke.
a law whose content is set by nature and that therefore has validity everywhere
Augustine of Hippo, who equated natural law with man's prelapsarian state; as such, a life according to nature was no longer possible and men needed instead to seek salvation through the divine law and grace. In the Twelfth Century, Gratian reversed this, equating the natural and divine laws. Thomas Aquinas restored Natural Law to its independent state, asserting that, as the perfection of human reason, it could approach but not fully comprehend the Eternal law and needed to be supplemented by Divine law. |
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Moral virtues are those which perfect the appetitive faculties of the soul, namely, the will and the sensuous appetite
As the proper function of the moral virtues is to rectify the appetitive powers, i.e. to dispose them to act in accordance with right reason, there are principally three moral virtues: justice, which perfects the rational appetite or will; fortitude and temperance, which moderate the lower or sensuous appetite. Prudence, as we have observed, is called a moral virtue, not indeed essentially, but by reason of its subject matter, inasmuch as it is directive of the acts of the moral virtues. |
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Intellectual virtue may be defined as a habit perfecting the intellect to elicit with readiness acts that are good in reference to their proper object, namely, truth.
The speculative intellectual virtues are wisdom, science, and understanding.
The practical intellectual virtues are two, namely, art and prudence. |
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All virtues have as their final scope to dispose man to acts conducive to his true happiness. The happiness, however, of which man is capable is twofold, namely, natural, which is attainable by man's natural powers, and supernatural, which exceeds the capacity of unaided human nature. Since, therefore, merely natural principles of human action are inadequate to a supernatural end, it is necessary that man be endowed with supernatural powers to enable him to attain his final destiny. Now these supernatural principles are nothing else than the theological virtues. They are called theological
because they have God for their immediate and proper object;
because they are Divinely infused;
because they are known only through Divine Revelation.
The theological virtues are three, viz. faith, hope, and charity. |
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is any theory in epistemology (typically, theories of justification, but also of knowledge) that holds that beliefs are justified (known, etc.) based on what are called basic beliefs (also commonly called foundational beliefs). Basic beliefs are beliefs that give justificatory support to other beliefs, and more derivative beliefs are based on those more basic beliefs. The basic beliefs are said to be self-justifying or self-evident, that is, they enjoy a non-inferential warrant (or justification), i.e., they are not justified by other beliefs. Typically and historically, foundationalists have held either that basic beliefs are justified by mental events or states, such as experiences, that do not constitute beliefs (these are called nondoxastic mental states), or that they simply are not the type of thing that can be (or needs to be) justified.
Hence, generally, a foundationalist might offer the following theory of justification:
A belief is epistemically justified if and only if (1) it is justified by a basic belief or beliefs, or (2) it is justified by a chain of beliefs that is supported by a basic belief or beliefs, and on which all the others are ultimately based. |
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| In the context of internal control, freedom is also known as self-determination, individual sovereignty, or autonomy. |
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| s the philosophical study of design and purpose. A teleological school of thought is one that holds all things to be designed for or directed toward a final result, that there is an inherent purpose or final cause for all that exists. |
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