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| GASTROINTESTINAL (DIGESTIVE) SYSTEM |
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Definition
| Includes all structures concerned with the ingestion of solids and liquids, and their mechanical and chemical breakdown into usable nutrients, the absorption of these into circulation, and the excretion of solid wastes |
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| A coiled but unbranched tube extending from the lips to the anus and divided into mouth, oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine |
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| A delicate serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities |
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| Delicate serous membrane that covers the stomach, small intestine, and colon (except for the distal end) as well as the liver, spleen, uterus, ovaries, ureters, and dome of the bladder |
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| The largest gland in the body. Lies in the RUQ just below the diaphragm. Is primarily concerned with carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism with removal of certain waste products |
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| The musculomembranous partition diving the thoracic and abdominal cavities. |
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| The secretory product of the liver. It passes through a duct into the duodenum. |
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| A property of bile which aids in the digestion of fats and bilirubin (a breakdown product of hemoglobin). |
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| A bulb or pouch connected by the cystic duct to the common bile duct used for storing bile. Ingestion of fat stimulates contraction of the gallbladder thereby releasing bile into the intestine. |
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| A flat, retroperitoneal organ lying behind and below the stomach with it's right end (head) embraced by the sweep of the duodenum. It is composed of two types of glandular tissue. Cells that secrete enzymes for digestion and cells that produce hormones. |
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| A benign tumor arising from glandular epithelium. |
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| Referring to tumor tissue containing primitive, undifferentiated cells, unlike the structurally differentiated cells of normal tissue. |
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| An overly full, distended feeling, usually from excessive intestinal gas |
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| BORBORYGMI (SI. BORBORYGMUS) |
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| Audible rumbling and gurgling sounds in the digestive tract |
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| Term that can mean part or all of the large intestine. |
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| Abnormal frequency, urgency, and looseness of stools |
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| An abnormal outpouching of a hollow organ such as the colon |
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| Inside the rectum; said of diagnostic or therapeutic instruments or procedures |
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| Inflammatory disease of both the small and large intestines |
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| Burning pain in the epigastrium or chest due to digestive disorders. |
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| Passage of blood from the rectum |
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| Protrusion of organ or tissue though an abnormal opening |
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| An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ. |
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| Prolapse of one part of the intestine into another |
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| Discoloratoin of skin and sclerae by excessive bile pigment |
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| Passage of undigested food in stools |
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| Black stools (often due to the presence of blood) |
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| Total inability to pass stool |
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| Directed to the relief of symptoms rather than the elimination of their cause |
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| Additional stab of pain when pressure on abdomen is released, often indicating peritoneal irritation |
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| Enlargement of the spleen |
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| Excessive amounts of fat in the feces |
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| Straining at stool, usually without result and often painful |
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| Said of a diagnostic or surgical procedure that is performed through the rectum. |
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| Intestinal obstruction due to twisting of the bowel |
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| The width of liver dullness between lung and bowel resonances |
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| Free fluid in the peritoneal cavity |
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| Cutting the sphincter of Oddi, which is located in the second portion of the duodenum through which the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct enter the small intestine |
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| The surgical removal of outgrowths |
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| The process of introducing gas into the peritoneal cavity via a needle through a skin puncture. |
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| The presence of air or gas in the peritoneal cavity; sometimes created by insufflation to distend the abdomen to permit manipulation of a laparoscope. |
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| Lower esophageal sphincter |
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| Weakness or dilatation of the opening in the diaphragm where the esophagus passes through, with herniation of part or all of the stomach into the thorax; often asymptomatic. |
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| A zone of cellular change due to chronic inflammation |
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| Surgical joining of two organs or vessels |
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| Surgical excision of the vermiform appendix |
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| An x-ray that uses braium given rectally to outline the colon and rectum |
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| Surgical removal of the gallbladder. It can be done either through an open incision or through minimally invasive laparoscopy. |
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| Surgical excision of part or all of the colon |
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| Endoscopic procedure to view the colon using a flexible (fiberoptic) endoscope |
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| A surgically created opening from the colon to the abdominal wall, through which feces are passed rather than by the rectum; may be temporary or permanent. |
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| Insertion of a tube with a light source into a body cavity to view and often biopsy the structures. Common types of endoscopies are esophagoscopy, gastroscopy, gastroduodenoscopy, anoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy |
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| ESOPHAGOGASTRODUODENOSCOPY (EGD) |
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Definition
| Endoscopic procedure to view the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum |
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| Inspection of the abdominal and pelvic cavities through an incision in the abdominal wall |
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| Excision of a portion or all of the stomach |
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| Endoscopic procedure to view the stomach |
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| Surgical excision of approximately half the colon |
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| Surgical excision of hemorrhoids |
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| Surgical repair of a hernia |
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| Flat, upright, and (usually left) lateral decubitus films of the abdomen; fluoroscopic studies with swallowed or injected barium or other contrast medium (barium swallow, upper GI series, small bowel series, barium enema); CT or MRI for specific indications (for example, to assess gallbladder, masses); and ultrasound studies |
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| Plain x-ray to image the kidneys, ureters, and bladder (hence, KUB) |
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| Inspection of the abdominal cavity through an endoscope inserted through an incision in the abdominal wall |
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| Surgical procedure allowing portal vein blood to bypass the liver and empty directly into the inferior vena cava |
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| Incision of the pylorus and reconstruction of the pyloric channel to relieve pyloric obstruction |
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| Surgical removal of the spleen, usually precipitated by splenic injury. |
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| UPPER GI SERIES WITH SMALL BOWEL FOLLOW THROUGH |
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Definition
| An x-ray series that uses barium taken orally to outline the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine |
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| Based on determination of blood or stool levels of substances that have been ingested in measured amounts |
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| An enzyme whose level in the serum is often decreased in bone disease and obstructive liver disease |
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| ALT (ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE) |
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Definition
| Formerly called SGPT. An enzyme whose level in the serum is elevated in hepatitis, cirrhosis, and other liver diseases |
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| A breakdown product of protein metabolism, increased in hepatic failure |
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| An enzyme whose level is increased in pancreatitis and mumps |
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| AST (ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE) |
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Definition
| Formerly called SGOT. An enzyme whose level in the serum is elevated in myocardial infarction, liver disease, and other conditions |
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| Bilirubin that has been conjugated (combined with glucuronic acid) by the liver so that it is water-soluble |
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| Bilirubin that reacts directly with testing chemicals because it has been rendered water-soluble in the liver. Its level is increased in biliary obstruction |
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| Bilirubin in the serum that does not react directly with testing chemicals because it has not yet been conjugated in the liver. Its level is increased in disorders that impair the function of liver cells |
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| Fat-soluble bilirubin that has not been conjugated by the liver |
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| Bilirubin in the urine; it can be measured with a dipstick. Any amount is considered abnormal; usually it indicates obstructive liver disease or hepatitis. |
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| Former name for the organism now called Helicobacter pylori |
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| CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA) |
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Definition
| Not a reliable diagnostic indicator of colon cancer, but useful in watching for recurrence or metastatic disease after surgery |
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| CLO (CAMPYLOBACTER-LIKE ORGANISM) TEST |
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| To detect H. pylori in acid peptic disease |
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| For occult blood, fat, pathogens (bacteria, fungi, parasites), abnormal constituents |
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| Pronounced five prime mucleotidase. A serum enzyme whose level increases in biliary obstruction. Testing for this enzyme helps to distinguish liver disease from bone disease as possible causes of elevated serum alkaline phosphatase |
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| H. Pylori. A gram-negative organism formerly known as Campylobacter pylori, which is the cause of many peptic ulcers |
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| Test for occult blood in the stool |
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| Blood present in quantities too small to be detected by naked-eye observation but detected by microscopic or chemical examination |
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| Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase. Former name for AST |
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| Serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase. Former name for ALT |
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| STOOL FOR OVA AND PARASITES (O&P) |
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| Examination of the stool for parasites and their ova. |
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