Cardiopulmonary

Pertaining to the heart and lungs.

Cardiothoracic

Pertaining to the heart and thoracic cavity.

Cardiovascular System

Body system that includes the heart and the blood vessels (vascular structure.)

Circulatory System

Mediastinum

Irregulary shaped, central area in the thoracic cavity that lies between the lungs.  It contains the heart, great vessels, thymus, trachea, and esophagus.

Pulmonary Circulation

The arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins going to, within, and coming from the lungs.

Systemic Circulation

The arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins everywhere in the body, except in the lungs.

Aortic Valve

Heart valve between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Artrium

Each of the two upper chambers of the heart.

Ductus Arteriosus

Temporary, small blood vessel in the fetal heart that connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta. It closes within 24 hours after birth.

Endocardium

Layer of cells that line the atria, ventricles, and valves of the heart.

Foramen Ovale

Temportary, oval-shaped opening in the interatrial septum to the fetal heart. It closes within 24 hours after birth.

Heart

Organ that pumps blood throughout the body. It contains four chambers, the septum (a center wall), and four valves. The lower tip of the heart is the apex.

Mitral Valve

Heart valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle. It is also known as the bicuspid valve.

Myocardium

Muscular layer of the heart.

Pericardium

Membrane that surrounds the heart as the preicardial sac and is filled with pericardial fluid. Membrane next to the heart is visceral pericardium or epicardium. Outer wall of the pericardial sac is the perietal pericardium.

Cardi/o

Heart

Viscer/o

Large Internal Organs

Pariet/o

Wall of a cacity

My/o

Muscle

Pulmonary Valve

Heart valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries.

Valvul/o

Valve

Tricuspid Valve

Heart valve between the right atrium and right ventricle. It has three pointed leaflets or cusps.

Cusp/o

Projection; point

Valve

Structure that opens and closes to control the flow of blood. The heart valves include the tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, and aortic valves.

Ventricle

Each of the two large, lower chambers of the heart.

Ventricul/o

Ventricle (lower heart chamber; chamber in the brain)

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

Small area of tissue between the right atrium and right ventricle. AV node is part of the conduction system of the heart and receives electrical impulses from the SA node.

Atri/o

Atrium (upper heart chamber)

Bundle Branches

Part of the conduction system of the heart after the bundle of His. At apex of the heart, the branches split into the right bundle branch to the right ventricle and the left branch to the left ventricle.

Bundle of His

Part of the conduction system of the heart after the AV node. It splits into right and left bundle branches.

Conduction System

System that carries the electrical impulse that makes the heart beat. It consist of the SA node, AV node, bundle branches and Purkinje fibers

Conduct/o

Carrying; Conceying

Diastole

Resting peroid between contractions.

Diastol/o

dilating

Ectopic Site

Area within the heart that can produce its own electrical impulse but is not part of the conduction system.

Ectop/o

Outside of a place

Refactory Period

Short period of time when the myocardium is unreponsive to electricle impulses.

Fract/o

Break up

Sinoatrial Node

Pacemaker of the heart. Small area of tissue in the posterior wall of the right atrium.

Sin/o

Hollow cavity; channel

atri/o

Atrium (upper heart chamber)

systole

Contraction of the atria or the ventricles

Systol/o

Contracting

Aorta

Largest artery. It carries oxgenated blood from the left ventricle to the body

Aort/o

Aorta

Arteriole

Smallest branch in an artery.

Arteriol/o

Arteriole

Artery

Blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body.

Arteri/o

Artery

Arter/o

Artery

Axillary Artery

Artery that carries oxygenated blood to the axilla.

Axill/o

Axilla (armpit)

Blood Vessels

Large and small channels through which the blood circulates throughout the body.

Angi/o

Blood Vessel

Vascul/o

Blood Vessel

Vas/o

Blood Vessel

Brachial Artery

Artery that carries oxygenate blood to the upper arm.

Brachi/o

Arm

Capillary

Smallest blood vessels in the body.

Capill/o

Hairlike structure

Carotid Artery

Artery that carries oxygenated blood to the neck, face, head and brain.

Carot/o

Stupor; sleep

Coronary Artery

Artery that carry oxygenated blood to the myocardium (heart muscle).

Coron/o

Structure that encircles like a crown.

endothelium

Layer of cells that lines the wall of a blood vessel.

Theli/o

Cellular Layer

Femoral Artery

Artery that carries oxygenated blood to the upper leg

Famor/o

Femur (thigh bone)

Great Vessels

Collective phrase for all the arteries.

Iliac Artery

Artery that carries oxygenated blood to the hip and groin area.

Ili/o

Ilium (Hip Bone)

Jugular Vein

Vein that carries blood from the head to the superior vena cava

Jugul/o

Jugular (Throat).

Peroneal Artery

Artery that carries oxygenated blood to the little toe side of the lower leg (along the fibula bone).

Perone/o

Fibula (lower leg bone).

Popliteal Artery

Artery that carries oxygenate blood to the back of the knee and then branches into the tibial and personeal arteries.

Poplite/o

Back of the knee

Portal Vein

Vein that carries blood from the intestines to the liver.

Port/o

Point of entry

Pulse

The bulging of the wall of an artery located near the surface as blood is pumped by the blood.

Radial Artery

Artery that carries oxygenated blood to the thumb side of the lower arm (along the radius bone).

Radi/o

Radius (forearm bone); x-rays; radiation

Renal Artery

Artery that carries oxygenated blood to the kidney.

Ken/o

Kidney

Saphenous Vein

Vein that carries blood from the leg to the groin

Saphen/o

Clearly visible

Subclavian Artery

Artery that carries oxygenated blood to the shoulder.

Clav/o

Clavicle (Collar Bone).

Tibial Artery

Artery that carries blood to the front and back of the lower leg.

Tibi/o

Tibia (skin bone).

Ulnar Artery

Artery that carrie blood to the little finger side of the lower arm (along the ulna bone).

Uln/o

Ulna (forearm bone)

Vasoconstriction

Constriction of smooth muscle in the wall of a blood vessel that causes it to become smaller in diameter.

Vas/o

Blood Vessel

Constrict/o

Drawn together; Narrowed

Vasodilation

Relaxation of smooth muscle in the wall of a blood vessel that causes it to become larger in diameter.

Dilat/o

Dilate; Widen

Vein

Blood vessel that carries blood from the body back to the heart.

Ven/o

Vein

Phleb/o

Vein

Venae Cavae

Largest veins. The superior vena cava carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest back to the right atrium of the heart. The inferior vena cava carries blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and legs back to the right atrium.

Venule

Smallest branch of a vein

Chapter 6

ABO Blood Group

Category that includes blood types A, B, AB and O.  Blood types are hereditary. Each blood type has antigens on its erythrocytes and antibodies in its plasm against other blood types.

granul/o

granule

agranulocyte

Category of leukocytes with few or no granules in the cytoplasm. It includes lymphocytes and monocytes.

Albumin

Mostabundant plama protein. Plasma proteins contribute to the osmotic pressure of the blood.

Band

Immature neutrophil in the blood. It has a nucleus shaped like a curved band. It is also known as a stab.

Bas/o

Base of a structure; basic (alkaline)

Basophil

Type of leukocyte. It is categorized as a granulocype because it has many large granules on its cytoplasm, and they stain dark blue to purple with basic dye.  Basophil release histamine and heparin at the the site of tissue injury. Basophil are also know as basos.

Hem/o

Blood

Hemat/o

Blood

Blood

Type of connective tissue that contains formed elements (blood cells and blood cell fragments), water, protein, and clotting factors. The blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products of metabolism.

electr/o

Electricity

electrolytes

Chemical structures that carry a positive or negitive electrical charge. They are charried in the plasma.

eosin/o

Easin (red acidic dye)

Eosinophil

Type of leukocyte. It is categorized as a granulocyte b/c it has many large granules in its cytoplasm, and they strain bright pink to red with eosin dye.  The nucleus has two lobes. Eosinophil is also known as eos.

Erythr/o

Red

Norm/o

Normal; usual

Reticul/o

Small network

Erythrocyte

A mature red blood cell. An erythroblast is a very immature form that comes from a stem cell in the red marrow. It matures into a normoblast, which becomes a reticulocyte, a nearly mature erythrocyte that is released into the blood. An erythrocyte has no nucleus.

Erythropoietin

Hormone produced by the kidneys to increaase the rate at which erythrocytes are produced and mature.

Granulocyte

Category of leukocytes with many large grandules in the cytoplasm. It includes neutrophil, eosinophils, and basophils.

Hematopoiesis

Process by which blood cells are formed in the red marrow.

Glob/o

Shaped like a globe; comprehensive

Ox/y

Oxygen; quick

Hemoglobin

Substance in an erthrocyte that contains a heme molecule and globin chains. The heme molecule contain iron that give erythrocytes their red color. The compound oxyhemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells and carries dioxide from the cells to the lungs.

leuk/o

White

Leukocyte

A white blood cell. There are five different types of mature leukocytes; neutrophils, eosinophils, besophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes.

lymph/o

lymph; lymphatic system

lymphocyte

Second most abundant leukocyte, but the smallest in size. It is categorized as an agranulocyte as there are few or no granules in its cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is only a thin ring next to the round nucleus. A lymphoblast is an immature form that develops from the stem cell in the red marrow.

Mon/o

One; single

Macr/o

Large

Monocyte

The largest leukocyte. It is categorized as an agranulocyte as there are few or no granules in its cytoplasm. A monoblast is an immature form that comes from the stem cell in the red marrow. When they are in the tissues, they are known as macrophages.

Myel/o

Bone marrow; spinal cord; myelin

Myelocyte

Immature cell that comes from a myeloblast in the red marrow and developd onto either a neutrophil, eosiniophil, or basophil.

neutr/o

not taking part

morph/o

Shape

nucle/o

Nucleus (of a cell)

Neutrophil

Most numerous type of leukocyte. The nucleus has several segmented lobes. Neutrophils are phagocytes that engulf and destroy bacteria.

Plasm/o

Plasma

Plasma

Clear, straw-colored fluid portion of the blood that carries formed elements (blood cells and blood cell fragments) and contains dissolved substances (amino acids, cholesterol, triglycerides, electrolytes, glucose, minerals, bilirubin, hormones, complement proteins, clotting factors, and the waste products of creatinine and urea-substance produced by the body).

Rh blood group

Category of blood type. When the Rh factor is present, the blood is Rh positive. Without the Rh factor, the bloodis Rh negative.

Stem Cell

Extremely immature cell in the red marrow that is the precursor to all types of blood cells.

Thromb/o

Thrombus (Blood Clot).

Meg/a

Large

Kary/o

Nucleus

Thrombocyte

A platelet. A megakaryoblast is a very immature form that develops from a stem cell in the red marrow. A megakaryocyte is a very large, mature cell with an abbundance of cytoplasm that breaks away in individual pieves as thrombocytes.

Aggreg/o

Crowding together

Aggregation

Process of platelets sticking to a damaged blood vessel wall and forming clumps.

Clotting Factors

A series of 12 substances that are released either from platelets or injured tissue or are produced by the liver. They activate each other in a series of steps that form fibrin strands that trap erythrocytes and form a blood clot.

Coagul/o

Clotting

Coagulation

Formation of a blood clot by platelets, erythrocytes, and clotting factors.

Fibr/o

Fiber

Fibrin

Strands formed by the activation of clotting factor. Fibrin traps erythrocytesto form a blood clot.

Fibrin/o

Fibrin

Fibrinogen

Blood clotting factor 1.

Hemostasis

The cessation of bleeding.

Prothrombin

Blood clotting facter II. It is activated just before the thrombus (blood clot) is formed.

Serum

Fluid portion of the plasma that remains after the clotting factors are activated to form a blood clot.

Plast/o

Growth; formation

Thromboplastin

Blood clotting factor III. It is also known as tissue factor b/c it is released when tissue is injured.

Thrombus

Blood Clot

Active immunity

The body's cintinuing immune response and defense againist pathogens it has seen before.

Antibody

Produced by a B cell when it becomed a plasma cell. It is also known as am immunoglobulin.

Antigen

Protein marker on the cell membrane of an erythrocyte that indicates the blood type. Also, a protein marker on the cell of a pathogen or on a cancerous cell that allows the immune system to recognize it as foreign.

B Cell

Type of lymphocyte that matures in the red marrow of the bone. B cells are activated by macrophages and become plasma cells that make antibodies. B cells activate helper T cells.

Complement proteins

Group of nine proteins in the plasma (C1-C9). When antibodies coat a pathogen, completement proteins fill it by drilling holes in it.

Tox/o

Poison

Enditoxin

Toxic substance produced by some bacteria. It acts as a poison in the body, causing chills, fever, and shock. Endootoxins are destroyed by tumor necrosis factor.

Histamine

Released by basophils. It dilate blood vessels and increases blood flow to damaged tissues, which produces redness. It also allows protein molecules to lead out of blood vessels into tissue, which produces edema (swelling).

IgA

Immunglobulin A. Antibody present in the body secretions (tears, saliva, muscus, and breast milk) and on surface of the skin. It gives passive immunity to a breastfeeding infant.

IgD

Immunoglobulin D. Antibody present on the surface of B cells. It stimulates the B cell to become a plasma cell.

IgE

Immunoglobulin E. Antibody present on the surface of basophils. It causes them to release histamine and heparin during allergic and inflammation to the fetus.

IgG

Immunoglobulin G. Antibody produced by plasma cells the second time a specific pathogen enters the body. IgG forms the basis for active immunity. It is the smallest of all the immunoglobulins, but also the most abundant. During pregnancy, it crosses the placenta and provides passive immunity to the fetus.

IgM

Immunoglobulin M. Antibody that is produced by plasma cells during the initial exposure to a pathogen. IgM also reacts to incompatible blood types during a blood transfusion. It is the largest of the immunoglobulins.

Immun/o

Immune Response

Immune Response

Coordinated effort between the blood and lymphatic system to identify and destroy invading microorganisms and foreign particles, or cancerous cells produced within the body.

Immunoglobulins

Antibodies. There are five classes of immunoglobulins:  IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM.

Interferon

Substance produced by monocytes that have engulfed a virus. It stimulates other cells to produce an a antiviral substance that prevent the virus from entering them to reproduce itself.

Interleukin

Substance produced by monocytes tht stimulates B cell and T cell lymphocytes and NK cells. It also produces fever.

Lymph

Fluid that flows through the lymphatic system

Aden/o

Gland

Lymph Nodes

Small, encapsulated pieces of lymphoid tissue located along lymphatic vessels.  Macrophages in the lymph nodes destroy pathogens and cancerous cells in the lymphfluid. They are also known as lymph glands.

Lymphatic System

Body system that includes a network of lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, the lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen), and lymphoid tissue.

Lymphstic Vessels

Vessels that begin as capillaries, carry lymph, continue through lymph nodes, and end at ducts that empty into large viens in the the neck.

Macr/o

Large

Phag/o

Eating; swallowing

Macrophage

A large monocyte in the lymph nodes, intestine, liver, panncreas, thymus, spleen, bone, or skin.

Natural Killer (NK) cell

Type of lymphocyte that matures in the red marrow and, without the help of antibodies, or complement proteins, recognized and destroys cancer cells or cells infected with a virus.

Passive Immunity

Immune response and defense againist patogens that is conveyed by the mother's antibodies to the fetus via the placenta and via colostrum to the breastfeeding baby.  These maternal antibodies provide protection from all the diseases the mother has had.

Path/o

Disease

Pathogen

Microorganism that cause a disease. Pathogens include bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, as well as plant cells such as fungi or yeast.

cyt/o

Cell

Phagocyte

Type of leukocyte that engulfs foreign cells and cellar debris and destroys them with digestive enzymes. Phagocytosis is the process by which a phagocyte engulfs and destroys a pathogen.

Splen/o

Spleen

Spleen

Lymphoid organ located in the abdominal cavity posterior to the stomach. The spleen destroys old erythrocytes, breaking their hemoglobin into heme and globin chains. Also acts as a storage area for whole blood.

Suppress/o

Press down

T Cell

Type of lymphocyte that matures in the thymus. There are four subsets of T cells:  helper T cells (CD 4 cells), memory T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and suppressor T cells (CD8 cells).

Thym/o

Thymus; rage

Thymus

Lymphoid organ in the mediastinum. As an endocrine gland, it scretes thymosins, which are hormones that cause lymphoblast in the thymus to mature into T cell lymphocytes.

Tumor Necrosis Factor

(TNF)

Substance that destroys endotoxins produced by certain bacteria. It also destroys cancerous cells.