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Medical Terminology
A Short Course, 4th Edition, Unit 4
224
Nursing
Undergraduate 1
07/19/2009

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Term
a-
Definition
no, not, without
Term
ab-
Definition
away from
Term
abdomin/o
Definition
abdomen
Term
abnormal
Definition
pertaining to being away from the norm, irregular
Term
acquired immunodeficiency sydrome
Definition
symptoms are severe infections, malignancy (Kaposi sarcoma and lymphoma), fever, malaise (discomfort), and gastrointestinal disturbances. It is caused by a virus that damages lymphocytes (white blood cells)
Term
ad-
Definition
toward, near
Term
adrenal glands
Definition
two endocrine glands, each above the kidney, the adrenal glands produce hormones such as adrenalin (epinephrine) and hydrocortisone (cortisol)
Term
-al
Definition
pertaining to
Term
amenorrhea
Definition
absence of mentrual periods
Term
an-
Definition
no, not, without
Term
an/o
Definition
anus
Term
ana-
Definition
up, apart
Term
analysis
Definition
separating a substance into its component parts
Term
anemia
Definition
deficiency of hemoglobin and/or numbers of red blood cells, which results in reduced oxygen to body cells. Literally, anemia means lacking in blood
Term
ante-
Definition
before, forward
Term
antepartum
Definition
before birth
Term
anti-
Definition
against
Term
antibiotic
Definition
pertaining to a substance that works against germ or bacterial life
Term
antibody
Definition
a substance that works agains (anti-) germs ("bodies" of infection). Antibodies are produced by white blood cells when germs enter the bloodstream
Term
antigen
Definition
foreign protein (such as on a bacterium or virus) that stimulates white blood cells to produce antibodies. Antigens are then destroyed by the antibodies
Term
aphasia
Definition
absence or impairment of communication through speech
Term
aplastic anemia
Definition
bone marrow fails to produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and clotting cells
Term
apnea
Definition
not able to breathe
Term
arthroscopy
Definition
process of visual examination of a joint
Term
-ation
Definition
process, condition
Term
atrophy
Definition
decrease in size of cells within an organ
Term
Barlow syndrome (mitral valve prolapse)
Definition
symptoms are abnormal sounds (murmurs) heard from the chest when listening with a stethoscope. These murmurs indicate that the mitral valve is not closing properly. Chest pain, dyspnea (difficult breathing), and fatigue are other symptoms
Term
benign
Definition
not cancerous; a tumor that does not spread and is limited in growth
Term
bi-
Definition
two, both
Term
bi/o
Definition
life
Term
bilateral
Definition
pertaining to two (both) sides
Term
brady-
Definition
slow
Term
bradycardia
Definition
slow heartbeat
Term
bronchoscopy
Definition
visual examination of bronchial tubes by passing an endoscope through the trachea (windpipe) into the bronchi
Term
cardi/o
Definition
heart
Term
carp/o
Definition
carpals (wrist bones)
Term
carpal tunnel syndrome
Definition
symptoms are pain, tingling, burning, and numbness of the hand. A nerve leading to the hand is compressed by connective tisue fibers in the wrist
Term
cis/o
Definition
to cut
Term
-cision
Definition
process of cutting
Term
colonoscopy
Definition
visual examination of the colon
Term
con-
Definition
with, together
Term
congenital
Definition
present at birth
Term
congenital anomaly
Definition
irregularity; a deviation from the normal
Term
cost/o
Definition
ribs
Term
crani/o
Definition
skull
Term
-crine
Definition
secretion
Term
cutane/o
Definition
skin
Term
cystoscopy
Definition
visual examination of the urinary bladder
Term
dia-
Definition
through, complete
Term
dialysis
Definition
complete separation of wastes from the blood when the kidneys fail
Term
diarrhea
Definition
discharge of watery wastes from the colon; literally "through flow"
Term
-dipsia
Definition
thirst
Term
Down syndrome
Definition
symptoms include mental retardation, flat face with a short nose, slanted eyes, broad hands and feet, stubby fingers, and protruding lower lip. The syndrome occurs when an extra chromosome is present in each cell of the body
Term
dur/o
Definition
dura mater (outermost meningeal membrane surrounding the brain & spinal cord
Term
dys-
Definition
bad, painful, difficult, abnormal
Term
dysmenorrhea
Definition
painful menstrual flow
Term
dysphagia
Definition
difficult swallowing
Term
dysplasia
Definition
difficult (impairment of) speech
Term
dyspnea
Definition
painful (labored, difficult) breathing
Term
dysuria
Definition
painful or difficult urination
Term
ec-
Definition
out, outside
Term
ectopic pregnancy
Definition
development of the zygote in a place outside the uterus, the fallopian tubes are the most common ectopic site
Term
-emia
Definition
blood condition
Term
endo-
Definition
within, in, inner
Term
endocrine glands
Definition
organs that produce (secrete) hormones
Term
endoscopy
Definition
process of viewing the inside of hollow organs or cavities with an endoscope
Term
epi-
Definition
above, upon
Term
epidermis
Definition
outer layer of the skin
Term
epidural hematoma
Definition
mass of blood above the dura mater (outermost layer of membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord)
Term
ex-
Definition
out, outside
Term
excision
Definition
act of cutting out, removing, or resecting
Term
extra-
Definition
outside of
Term
extracranial
Definition
pertaining to outside the skull
Term
extrahepatic
Definition
pertaining to outside the liver
Term
gastroscopy
Definition
visual examination of the stomach
Term
-gen
Definition
to produce
Term
gen/o
Definition
to produce, to begin
Term
glyc/o
Definition
sugar
Term
-graphy
Definition
process of recording
Term
hemat/o
Definition
blood
Term
hemi-
Definition
half
Term
hemigastrectomy
Definition
removal of half the stomach
Term
hemiplegia
Definition
paralysis of one side of the body
Term
hemolytic anemia
Definition
red blood cells are destroyed and bone marrow cannot compensate for their loss. This condition can be hereditary or acquire (after infection/chemotherapy) or can occur when the immune system acts against normal red blood cells (autoimmune condition)
Term
hyper-
Definition
excessive, too much, above
Term
hyperglycemia
Definition
higher than normal levels of sugar in the blood
Term
hypertension
Definition
high blood pressure
Term
hyperthyroidism
Definition
excessive activity of the thyroid gland
Term
hypertrophy
Definition
enlargement or overgrowth of an organ or part of the body as a result of an increase in size of individual cells
Term
hypo-
Definition
deficient, too little, below
Term
hypoglycemia
Definition
blood condition of decreased sugar (lower than normal levels)
Term
hysteroscopy
Definition
visual examination of the uterus with an endoscope inserted through the vagina
Term
-ia
Definition
condition, process
Term
-ic
Definition
pertaining to
Term
in-
Definition
in, into
Term
incision
Definition
cutting into the body or into an organ
Term
-ine
Definition
pertaining to
Term
inter-
Definition
between
Term
intervertebral
Definition
pertaining to lying between two backbones. A disc is an intervertebral structure
Term
intra-
Definition
within
Term
intrauterine
Definition
pertaining to within the uterus
Term
intravenous
Definition
pertaining to within a vein
Term
iron deficiency anemia
Definition
low or absent iron levels lead to low hemoglobin concentration or deficiency of red blood cells
Term
-ism
Definition
condition, process
Term
laparoscopy
Definition
visual examination of the abdomen
Term
-lapse
Definition
to fall, slide
Term
laryngoscopy
Definition
visual examination of the interior of the voice box (larynx) with an endoscope
Term
later/o
Definition
side
Term
-lysis
Definition
loosening, breakdown, separation, destruction
Term
mal-
Definition
bad
Term
malignant
Definition
tending to become progressively worse. Used to describe cancerous tumors that invade and spread to distant organs
Term
mediastinoscopy
Definition
visual examination of the mediastinum with an endoscope
Term
men/o
Definition
menses
Term
meta-
Definition
change, beyond
Term
metacarpals
Definition
bones of the hand between the wrist bones (carpals) and the finger bones (phalanges)
Term
metastasis
Definition
spread of a cancerous tumor to a distant organ or location. Literally means change (meta-) of place (-stasis)
Term
metastatic
Definition
pertaining to metastasis
Term
-mission
Definition
to send
Term
-mortem
Definition
death
Term
nat/i
Definition
birth
Term
neo-
Definition
new
Term
neonatal
Definition
pertaining to new birth; the first 4 weeks after birth
Term
neoplasm
Definition
any new growth of tissue; a tumor
Term
neoplastic
Definition
pertaining to a new growth; or neoplasm
Term
neur/o
Definition
nerve
Term
norm/o
Definition
rule, order
Term
-oma
Definition
tumor, mass
Term
oste/o
Definition
bone
Term
-ous
Definition
pertaining to
Term
ovaries
Definition
organs in the femal abdomen that produces egg cells and female hormones
Term
pancreas
Definition
gland that produces digestive juices (exocrine function) and the hormone insulin (endocrine function)
Term
para-
Definition
beside, near, along the side of
Term
paralysis
Definition
loss or impairment of movement in a part of the body
Term
paraplegia
Definition
impairment or loss of movement in the lower part of the body, primarily the legs and in some cases bowel and bladder function
Term
parathyroid glands
Definition
four endocrine glands behind the thyroid gland. These glands are concerned with maintaining the proper levels of calcium in the blood and bones
Term
-partum
Definition
birth
Term
-pathy
Definition
disease condition
Term
peri-
Definition
surrounding
Term
perianal
Definition
pertaining to surrounding the anus
Term
periosteum
Definition
membrane that surrounds bone
Term
peritone/o
Definition
peritoneum (membrane surrounding the organs in the abdomen)
Term
pernicious anemmia
Definition
the mucous membrane of the stomach fails to produce a factor (intrinsic factor) that is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 and the proper formation of red blood cells
Term
-phagia
Definition
to eat, swallow
Term
-phasia
Definition
to speak
Term
pituitary glands
Definition
organ at the base of the brain that secretes hormones, these hormones enter the blood to regulate other organs and other endocrine glands
Term
plas/o
Definition
formation, growth, development
Term
-plasm
Definition
formation
Term
-plegia
Definition
paralysis
Term
-pnea
Definition
breath
Term
poly-
Definition
many, much
Term
polydipsia
Definition
excessive thirst
Term
polyneuropathy
Definition
disease of many nerves
Term
polyuria
Definition
excessive urination
Term
post-
Definition
after, behind
Term
postmortem
Definition
after death
Term
postpartum
Definition
after birth
Term
pre-
Definition
before, forward
Term
precancerous
Definition
pertaining to a condition that may come before a cancer; a condition that tends to become malignant
Term
prenatal
Definition
pertaining to before birth
Term
pro-
Definition
before, forward
Term
proctosigmoidoscopy
Definition
visual examination of the anus, rectum, and sigmoid colon with an endoscope
Term
prolapse
Definition
falling down or drooping of a part of the body, literally means sliding forward
Term
pros-
Definition
before, forward
Term
prosthesis
Definition
artificial substitute for a missing part of the body; literally means to place before
Term
quadri-
Definition
four
Term
quadriplegia
Definition
paralysis of all four extremities and usually the trunk of the body caused by injury to the spinal cord in the cervical region of the spine
Term
re-
Definition
back, behind
Term
relapse
Definition
return of disease after its apparent termination
Term
remission
Definition
lessening of symptoms of a disease
Term
ren/o
Definition
kindey
Term
resection
Definition
removal (excision) of an organ or a struction
Term
retro-
Definition
back, behind
Term
retroperitoneal
Definition
pertaining to behind the peritoneum
Term
-rrhea
Definition
flow, discharge
Term
scapul/o
Definition
scapula (shoulder blade)
Term
-scopy
Definition
process of visual examination
Term
-section
Definition
to cut
Term
sickle cell anemia
Definition
erythrocytes assume an abnormal crescent or sickle shape; it is caused by the inheritance of an abnormal type of hemoglobin. The sickle-shaped cells clump together, causing clots that block blood vessels
Term
sigmoidoscopy
Definition
visual examination of the sigmoid colon with an endoscope inserted through the anus and rectum
Term
son/o
Definition
sound
Term
-statis
Definition
to stand, place, stop, control
Term
sub-
Definition
under, less than
Term
subcostal
Definition
pertaining to below the ribs
Term
subcutaneous
Definition
lower layer of the skin
Term
subscapular
Definition
pertaining to under the should bone
Term
subtotal
Definition
less than total; just under the total amount
Term
syn-
Definition
with, together
Term
syndrome
Definition
set of symptoms and signs of disease that occur together to indicate a disease condition
Term
tachy-
Definition
fast
Term
tachycardia
Definition
condition of fast, rapid heartbeat
Term
tachypnea
Definition
condition of rapid breathing
Term
-tension
Definition
pressure
Term
testes
Definition
two paired male organs in the scrotal sac that produce sperm cells and male hormone (testosterone). Also called testicles
Term
-thesis
Definition
to put, place (state of putting or placing)
Term
thyroid gland
Definition
endocrine gland in the neck that produces hormones, which act on cells all over the body, the hormones increase the activity of cells by stimulating metabolism and the release of energy
Term
thyroid/o
Definition
thyroid gland
Term
-tic
Definition
pertaining to
Term
top/o
Definition
to put, place, position
Term
toxic shock syndrome
Definition
symptoms are a high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, hypotension (low blood pressure), and shock. It is caused by a bacterial infection in the vagina of menstruating women using superabsorbent tampons.
Term
trans-
Definition
across, through
Term
transabdominal
Definition
pertaining to across the abdomen
Term
transurethral
Definition
pertaining to across (through) the urethra. A TURP is a transurethral resection of the prostate by surgery through the urethra
Term
tri-
Definition
three
Term
tricuspid
Definition
three points (cusps)
Term
tricuspid valve
Definition
fold of tissue between the upper and lower chambers on the right side of the heart, it has three cusps or points and prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium when the heart is pumping blood
Term
troph/o
Definition
development, nourishment
Term
ultra-
Definition
beyond
Term
ultrasonography
Definition
recording of internal body structures with sound waves
Term
-um
Definition
structure
Term
uni-
Definition
one
Term
unilateral
Definition
one sided
Term
urethr/o
Definition
urethra (tube leading from the bladder to the outside of body)
Term
-uria
Definition
urine condition
Term
uter/o
Definition
uterus
Term
ven/o
Definition
vein
Term
vertebr/o
Definition
vertebra (backbone)
Term
y-
Definition
process, condition
Term
hormone(s) secreted by the adrenal glands
Definition
adrenaline (epinephrine)
Term
hormone(s) secreted by the ovaries
Definition
estrogen, progesterone
Term
hormone(s) secreted by the pancreas
Definition
insulin
Term
hormone(s) secreted by the parathyroid glands
Definition
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Term
hormone(s) secreted by the pituitary gland
Definition
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH)
Term
hormone(s) secreted by the testes
Definition
testosterone
Term
hormone(s) secreted by the thyroid gland
Definition
thyroxine (T4)
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