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medical terminology chapter 5
digestive system
146
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02/13/2012

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Term
absorption
Definition
passage of materials through the walls of the small intestines into the blood stream
Term
amino acids
Definition
small building blocks of proteins, released when proteins are digested
Term
amylase
Definition
enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch
Term
anus
Definition
termianl end or openingof the digestive tract to the outside of the body
Term
appendix
Definition
blind pouch hanging from the cecu,
Term
bile
Definition
digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder, it breaks up large fat globules.
Term
bilirubin
Definition
pigment released by the liver in bile
Term
bowel
Definition
intestine
Term
caine teeth
Definition
pointed, dog like teeth next to the incisors
Term
cecum
Definition
first part of the large intestine
Term
colon
Definition
large intestine, consisting of the cecum; the ascending, transverse, and descending segments of the colon; and rectum
Term
common bile duct
Definition
carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum
Term
defecation
Definition
elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus
Term
deglutition
Definition
swallowing
Term
dentin
Definition
the primary material found in teeth, it is covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root
Term
digestion
Definition
breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms
Term
duodenum
Definition
first part of the small intestines; duo=2, den=10----measures 12 inches long
Term
elimination
Definition
act of removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials as feces
Term
emulsification
Definition
physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, therapy increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat
Term
enamel
Definition
hard,outermost layer of a tooth
Term
enzyme
Definition
a chemical that speeds up a reaction btw substances. digestive enzymes break down complex foods to simpler substances. enzymes are given names that end in -ase
Term
esophagus
Definition
tube connecting the throat to the stomach. eso- means inward; phag/o means swallowing
Term
fatty acids
Definition
substances produced when fats are digested
Term
feces
Definition
solid waste; stool
Term
gallbladder
Definition
small sac under the liver; stores bile
Term
glucose
Definition
simple sugar
Term
glycogen
Definition
starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells
Term
hydrochloric acid
Definition
substance produced by the stomach; needed to digest food
Term
ileum
Definition
third part of the small intestines
Term
incisor
Definition
onr of four front teeth in the dental arch
Term
insulin
Definition
hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. it transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver
Term
jejunum
Definition
second part of the small intestines
Term
lipase
Definition
pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
Term
liver
Definition
a large organ intnhe RUQ of the abdomen, liver secretes bile, stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produce protein, and destroys worn-out red blood cells
Term
lower esophageal sphincter(LES)
Definition
ring of muscles btw the esophagus and the stomach
Term
mastication
Definition
chewing
Term
molar teeth
Definition
the 6,7,and 8th teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch
Term
palate
Definition
roof of the mouth; hard palate, soft palate--supported by the jawbone
Term
pancreas
Definition
organ under the stomach; produces insulin and enzymes
Term
papillae
Definition
small elevations on the tongue
Term
parotid gland
Definition
salivary gland within the cheek
Term
peristalsis
Definition
rhythmic contraction of the tubular organs
Term
pharynx
Definition
throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose
Term
portal vein
Definition
large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
Term
protease
Definition
enzymes that digests proteins
Term
pulp
Definition
soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels
Term
pyloric sphincter
Definition
ring of muscles at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum
Term
pylorus
Definition
distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum
Term
rectum
Definition
last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus
Term
rugae
Definition
ridges on the hard palate and he wall of the stomach
Term
saliva
Definition
digestive juice produced by salivary glands
Term
salivary glands
Definition
parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands
Term
sigmoid colon
Definition
fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum
Term
sphincter
Definition
circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening
Term
stomach
Definition
muscular organ that receives food from the esophageus. the stomach's parts are the fundus, body, and antrum
Term
triglycerides
Definition
fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol
Term
uvula
Definition
soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate
Term
villi(villus)
Definition
microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestines that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
Term
an/o
Definition
anus
Term
append/o
appendic/o
Definition
appendix
Term
bucc/o
Definition
cheek
Term
cec/o
Definition
cecum
Term
celi/o
Definition
belly; abdomen
Term
cheil/o
Definition
lip
Term
cholecyst/o
Definition
gallbladder
Term
choledoch/o
Definition
common bile duct
Term
col/o
Definition
large intestines
Term
colon/o
Definition
colon
Term
dent/i
Definition
tooth
Term
duoden/o
Definition
duodenum
Term
enter/o
Definition
intestines, usually small intestine
Term
esophag/o
Definition
esophagus
Term
faci/o
Definition
face
Term
gastr/o
Definition
stomach
Term
gingiv/o
Definition
gums
Term
gloss/o
Definition
tongue
Term
hepat/o
Definition
liver
Term
ile/o
Definition
ileum
Term
jejun/o
Definition
jejunum
Term
labi/o
Definition
lip
Term
lapar/o
Definition
adbomen
Term
lingu/o
Definition
tongue
Term
mandibul/o
Definition
lower jaw; mandible
Term
odont/o
Definition
tooth
Term
or/o
Definition
mouth
Term
palat/o
Definition
palate
Term
pancreat/o
Definition
pancreas
Term
peritone/o
Definition
peritoneum
Term
pharyng/o
Definition
throat
Term
proct/o
Definition
anus and rectum
Term
pylor/o
Definition
pyloric sphincter
Term
rect/o
Definition
rectum
Term
sialaden/o
Definition
salivary gland
Term
sigmoid/o
Definition
sigmoid colon
Term
stomat/o
Definition
mouth
Term
uvul/o
Definition
uvula
Term
amyl/o
Definition
starch
Term
bil/i
Definition
gall, bile
Term
bilirubin/o
Definition
bilirubin
Term
chol/e
Definition
gall, bile
Term
chlorhydr/o
Definition
hydrochloric acid
Term
gluc/o
Definition
sugar
Term
glyc/o
Definition
sugar
Term
glycogen/o
Definition
glycogen , animal starch
Term
lip/o
Definition
fat
Term
lith/o
Definition
stone
Term
prote/o
Definition
protein
Term
sial/o
Definition
saliva, salivary
Term
steat/o
Definition
fat
Term
-ase
Definition
enzyme
Term
-chezia
Definition
defecation, elimination of waste
Term
-iasis
Definition
abnormal condition
Term
-prandial
Definition
meal
Term
anorexia
Definition
lack of appetite
Term
ascites
Definition
abnormal accumulation og fluid in the abdomen
Term
borborygmus
Definition
rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract
Term
consipation
Definition
difficulty in passing stools(feces)
Term
diarrhea
Definition
frequent passage of loose, watery stools
Term
dysphagia
Definition
difficulty in swallowing
Term
eructation
Definition
gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
Term
flatus
Definition
gas expelled through the anus
Term
hematochezia
Definition
passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum
Term
jaundice(icterus)
Definition
yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes cuased by high levels of bilirubin in the blood
Term
melena
Definition
black, tarry stool: feces containing digested blood
Term
nausea
Definition
unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit
Term
steatorrhea
Definition
fats in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter
Term
aphthous stomatitis
Definition
inflamation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers
Term
dental caries
Definition
tooth decay--dental plaque
Term
herpetic stomatitis
Definition
inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus
Term
oral leukoplakia
Definition
white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth
Term
periodontal disease
Definition
inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone; occurs from gingivitis and tartar
Term
achalasia
Definition
failure of the lower esophagus sphincter(LES) muscle to relax
Term
esophageal cancer
Definition
malignant tumor of the esophagus
Term
esophageal varices
Definition
swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus
Term
gastric cancer
Definition
malignant tumor of the stomach
Term
gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)
Definition
solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach
Term
hernia
Definition
protusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it
Term
peptic ulcer
Definition
open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
Term
anal fistula
Definition
abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus
Term
colonic polyps
Definition
polyos protude from the mucous membrane of the colon
Term
colorectal cancer
Definition
adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum , or both
Term
crohn disease(crohn's)
Definition
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
Term
diverticulosis
Definition
abnormal outpouching in the intestinal wall
Term
dysentery
Definition
painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection
Term
hemorrhoids
Definition
swollen, twised, various vein in the rectal region
Term
ileus
Definition
loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
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