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| Functions of Cardiovascular (CV) System |
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| Distribute blood to all areas of body, delivery of needed substances to cells, and removal of wastes, and organs are; heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins. |
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| Functions of Cardiovascular (CV) System |
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| Distribute blood to all areas of body, delivery of needed substances to cells, and removal of wastes |
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| instrument to measure pressure |
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| Also called circulatory system, maintains distribution of blood throughout body which delivers oxygen and nutrients like glucose and amino acids to cells and picks up carbon dioxide and other waste products from cells and delivers to lungs, liver, and kidneys for elimination |
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| Is composed of: heart, blood vessels of arteries, capillaries, and veins. It divided into pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. |
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| Between heart and lungs, carries deoxygenated blood away from right side of heart to lungs and carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left side of heart |
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| Between heart and cells of body. It carries oxygenated blood away from left side of heart to body and carries deoxygenated blood from body to right side of heart |
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| Muscular pump made up of cardiac muscle fibers which could be called a muscle instead of an organ, it beats an average of 60-100 beats per minute (bpm), or about 100,000 times a day and each time the muscle contracts: blood is ejected from heart and pushed throughout body within blood vessels |
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| Located in the mediastinum which is more to left side of chest and directly behind sternum, it is about size of a fist, shaped like upside-down pear and tip at lower edge called apex |
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| Heart layers - endocardium |
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| Inner layer, lines heart chambers, smooth, thin layer that reduces friction as the blood passes through heart chambers |
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| Heart layers - Myocardicum |
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| Middle layer, thick muscle, contraction of this layer develops the pressure required to pump blood through blood vessels |
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| Heart layers - Epicardium |
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| Outer layer, forms the visceral layer of pericardial sac reduces friction as heart beats |
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| Divided into four; two atria and two ventricles with right side divided from left by septum |
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| Left and right upper chambers, receiving chambers, blood returns to it in veins the superior and inferior vena cava and pulmonary |
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| Left and right lower chambers, pumping chambers with thick myocardium, blood exits them into arteries the aorta and pulmonary artery |
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| Four in heart: tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, and aortic; act as restraining gates to control direction of blood flow, found at entrance and exit to ventricles, and allows blood to flow only in forward direction by blocking it from returning to previous chamber |
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| An atriventricular valve, between right atrium and ventricle which prevents blood in ventricle from flowing back into atrium and has 3 leaflets or cusps |
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| A semilunar valve between right ventricle and pulmonary artery which prevents blood in artery from flowing back into ventricle, it looks like half moon |
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| An artrioventricular valve between left atrium and ventricle which prevents blood in ventricle from flowing back into atrium. It is also called bicuspid valve which has two cusps |
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| A semilunar valve between left ventricle and aorta which prevents blood in aorta from flowing back into ventricle |
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| Path of blood flow through heart-Step 1 |
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| Deoxygenated blood from body enters relaxed right atrium via two large veins called the Superior vena cava and Inferior vena cava |
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| Path of blood flow through heart-Step 2 |
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| Right atrium contracts which causes blood flow through tricuspid valve into relaxed right ventricle |
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| Path of blood flow through heart-Step 3 |
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| Right ventricle contracts causing blood to be pumped through pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery, it carries blood to lungs. |
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| Path of Blood flow through heart-Step 4 |
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| Relaxed left atrium receives blood that has been oxygenated by lungs. Blood enters left atrium from the four pulmonary veins |
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| Path of blood flow through heart-Step 5 |
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| Left atrium contracts causing blood to flow through mitral valve into relaxed left ventricle |
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| Path of blood flow through heart-Step 6 |
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| Left ventricle contracts which pumps blood through the aortic valve and into aorta, this is the largest artery in the body and it carries blood to all part of body |
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| Heart chambers alternate between: relaxing to fill and contracting to push blood forward |
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| Relaxation phase in pumping of heart |
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| Contraction phase in pumping of heart |
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| Conduction system of the heart |
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| Autonomic nervous system controls heart rate and special heart tissue conducts electrical impulses which stimulate different chambers to contract in correct order |
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| Path of the conduction system-Step 1 |
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| Sinoatrial (SA), node, or pacemaker, is where electrical impulse begins. A wave of electricity travels from this node through the atria which causes them to contract or go into systole. |
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| Path of the conduction system-Step 2 |
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| The atrioventricular node (AV) is stimulated. |
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| Path of the conduction system-Step 3 |
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| The atrioventricular node (AV) transfers stimulation wave to bundle of His |
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| Path of the conduction system-Step 4 |
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| Electrical wave travels down bundle of His branches within interventricular septum |
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| Path of the conduction system-Step 5 |
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| Purkinje fibers in ventricular myocardium are stimulated which results in ventricular systole |
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| Pipes that circulate blood through body, there are three types: arteries, capillaries, and veins. Lumen is the channel within blood vessels |
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| The channel within blood vessels |
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| Large thick walled vessels that contain smooth muscle and can dilate or constrict and they travel through the body they branch into progressively smaller vessels called arterioles. They carry blood away from heart towards either lungs or cells and tissues of body, the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to lungs, aorta carries oxygenated blood to body. Coronary arteries supply myocardium. |
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| Network of tiny, thin walled blood vessels called a capillary bed, they are the connecting unit between arteries and veins. Arterial blood flow into capillary bed and venous blood flows out. They are where oxygen and nutrients diffuse out and carbon dioxide and waste to diffuse in. |
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| Much thinner walls than arteries with a lower pressure system than arteries, they have valves to insure blood flows only towards the heart and the squeezing by skeletal muscles helps the blood to return to the heart. The smallest ones are called venules. They carry blood towards the heart. The pulmonary ones carry oxygenated blood from lungs and the superior and inferior vena cava carry deoxygenated blood from body |
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| Measurement of force exerted by blood against walls of a vessel which may be affected by elasticity of arteries, diameter of blood vessels, viscosity of blood, volume of blood, and amount of resistance to blood flow. |
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| During venticular systole the blood is under great pressure, this give the highest pressure-systole which is the top number of blood pressure reading. During ventricular diastole blood isn't pushed from heart at all and this is where the blood pressure drops to its lowest point-diastolic which is the bottom number of blood pressure reading |
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| Blood is under great pressure and gives the highest pressure-systole which is the top number of blood pressure reading. |
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| Blood isn't pushed from heart at all and this is where the blood pressure drops to its lowest point-diastolic which is the bottom number of blood pressure reading |
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| surgical repair of vessel |
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| involuntary muscle contraction in a vessel |
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| -stenosis (angiostenosis) |
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| -rrhexis (arteriorrhexis) |
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| surgical removal of fatty substance |
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| fatty substance tumor/growth |
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| pertaining to between the atrium |
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| electr/o -gram (electrocardiogram) |
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| record of heart's electricty |
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| pertaining to heart muscle |
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| pertaining to a blood vessel |
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| inter- -ar (interventricular) |
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| pertaining to between ventricles |
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| listening to sounds within body using a stethoscope |
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| branch of medicine for diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease; physician is a cardiologist |
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| flexible tube inserted in body to move fluids into or out of body; may be used to place dye into a vein to view blood vessels |
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| area of necrotic tissue due to loss of blood supply |
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| local and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to a circulatory obstruction |
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| abnormal heart sound such as soft blowing sound or a harsh click; also call a bruit |
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| sudden drop in blood pressure when standing up suddenly |
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| pounding, racing heartbeat |
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| yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery; hallmark of atheroscerosis |
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| to flow backwards; in CV system refers to backflow of blood through a valve |
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| blood pressure cuff; measures blood pressure |
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| stainless steel tube placed within blood vessel to widen the lumen |
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| instrument for listening to body sounds |
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| severe pain and sensation of constriction around heart; caused by myocardial ischemia |
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| irregularity in heartbeat; some are mild and others are life threatening |
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| bundle branch block (BBB) |
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| electrical impulse is blocked from traveling down bundle branches; results in ventricles beating at different rate than atria; also called heart block |
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| complete stopping of heart activity |
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| myocardial disease; may be caused by viral infection, congestive heart failure, or alcoholism; common reason for heart transplant |
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| congenital septal defect (CSD) |
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| hole, present at birth, in heart septum; allows mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood |
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| congestive heart failure (CHF) |
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| left ventricle muscle is too weak to efficiently pump blood; results in weakness, breathlessness, & edema |
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| coronary artery disease (CAD) |
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| poor blood supply to heart muscle due to obstruction of coronary arteries; may cause angina pectoris and heart attack |
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| inflammation of lining membranes of heart; if cause is bacterial may have a bacterial colony form, called vegetation |
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| extremely serious arrhythmia characterized by quivering of heart fibers; cardiac arrest and death can occur |
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| arrhythmia in which atria beat too rapidly, but in a regular pattern |
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| cusps are too loose and fail to shut tight; allowing regurgitation |
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| cusps are too stiff; unable to shut tightly; allowing regurgitation |
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| myocardial infarction (MI) |
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| occlusion of coronary artery; results in a myocardial infarct; a heart attack |
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| inflammation of heart muscle layer |
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| inflammation of pericardial sac |
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| combination of four congenital anomalies; pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal defect, improper placement of aorta, hypertrophy of right ventricle; requires immediate surgery |
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| weakness and ballooning of arterial wall; commonly seen in abdominal and cerebral arteries |
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| hardening & loss elasticity of arterial walls; often due to atherosclerosis |
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| most common form of arteriosclerosis; lipid plaques form in arterial wall |
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| coarctation of aorta (CoA) |
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| severe congenital narrowing of aorta |
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| obstruction of blood vessel by blood clot that has broken off from a thrombus in another site |
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| varicose veins in anal region |
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| high blood pressure; essential or primary hypertension is due to CV disease; secondary hypertension results from another disease |
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| patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) |
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| congenital heart anomaly where fetal connection between pulmonary artery and aorta fails to close at birth |
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| peripheral vascular disease (PVD) |
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| abnormal condition affecting any blood vessel outside the heart; symptoms may include pain, pallor, & block circulation |
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| inflammation of several arteries |
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| periodic ischemic attacks affecting extremities; escpecially fingers, toes, ears, and nose; extremities become cyanotic; triggered by cold exposure |
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| inflammation of vein resulting in blood clots within a vein |
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| blood clot within blood vessel; may partially or completely occlude blood vessel |
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| swollen and distended veins; often in the legs |
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| blood test determines level of enzymes specific to heart muscle in blood; an increase may indicate heart muscle damage such as a myocardial infarction |
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| blood test measures amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in blood; indicator of atherosclerosis risk |
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| X=ray taken after injection of opaque dye into blood vessel |
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| nuclear medicine scan using radioactive thallium; especially useful in determining myocardial damage |
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| using ultrasound to produce an image of blood flowing through blood vessels in order to determine velocity; indicates blood clots or deep vein thromboses |
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| use of ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures; especially valves |
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| X-ray of veins; used to identify a thrombus |
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| catheter is threaded through blood vessel to heart; detects abnormalities, collects cardiac blood samples, and determines blood pressure inside heart |
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| electrocardiography (ECG, EKG) |
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| process of recording electrical activity of heart; able to diagnose arrhythmias and myocardial damage |
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| portable ECG monitor worn by patient up to a few days to assess heart activity as person goes through daily activities |
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| evaluates cardiovascular fitness; patient exercises on treadmill or bicycle with a steadily increasing work load; EKG and oxygen levels are monitored throughout the test |
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| cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) |
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| procedure to restore cardiac output and oxygenate air for person in cardiac arrest; uses chest compressions and artificial respiration |
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| procedure that converts irregular heartbeats, such as fibrillation, using an electric shock |
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| extracorporeal circulation (ECG) |
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| routing blood to a heart-lung machine during a surgical procedure |
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| implantable cardioverter-defibrillator |
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| device implanted into the heart to deliver an electric shock to restore normal heart rhythm; especially helpful for ventricular fibrillation |
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| device implanted into the heart to substitute for the natural pacemaker; especially helpful for bradycardia |
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| use of drugs, such as streptokinase or tissue-type plasminogen activator, to dissolve clots and restore blood flow |
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| surgical removal of an aneurysm |
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| surgical joining of two arteries when an artery is severed or damaged section is removed |
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| coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) |
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| blood vessel from another location (often a leg vein) is grafted to route blood around a blocked coronary artery |
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| surgical removal of an embolus |
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| removal of the diseased inner lining of an artery; usually to remove atherosclerotic plaques |
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| replacement of a diseased heart with a donor heart |
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| intracoronary artery stent |
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| placing a stent within a coronary artery; treats coronary ischemia due to atherosclerosis |
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| removal of varicose veins; damaged vein is tied off (ligation) and then removed (stripping) |
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| percutaneous transluminal coronary angloplasty (PTCA) |
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| balloon catheter is inserted through skin into coronary artery; inflated to dilate the narrow blood vessel |
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| removal of diseased valve and replacement with an artificial valve |
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| produce vasodilation to decrease blood pressue |
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| reduces or prevents cardiac arrhythmias |
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| prevents blood clot formation |
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| reduces blood cholesterol level |
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| lowers heart rate to treat hypertension and angina pectoris |
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| decreases force of heart beat to treat hypertension, angina pectoris, and congestive heart failure |
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| increases force of heart contraction to treat congestive heart failure |
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| increase urine production to reduce plasma volume to lower blood pressure |
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| dissolves existing blood clot |
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| contracts smooth muscle in wall of blood vessel to raise blood pressure |
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| relaxes smooth muscle in wall of blood vessel to reduce blood pressure and increase blood flow to ischemic area |
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| acute myocardial infarction |
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| ateriosclerotic heart disease |
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| coronary artery bypass graft |
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| cardiac catheterization, chief complaint |
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| cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
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| extracorporeal circulation |
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| glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase |
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| left ventricular assist device |
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| left ventricular hypertrophy |
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| myocardial infarction, mitral insufficiency |
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| premature atrial contraction |
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| percutaneous transluminal coronary angloplasty |
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| premature ventricular contraction |
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| serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transminase |
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| tissue-type plasminogen activator |
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