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| Functions: internal framework of body, supports body, protects internal organs, point of attachment for muscles, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and organs are: bones and joints |
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| Body organs with blood supply, nerves, and lymphatic vessels, connected to each other to form skeleton which is the framework for the body with about 206 of them, |
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| Produces blood cells, protect vital organs and store minerals |
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| Place where two bones meet, held together by ligaments, and gives flexibility to skeleton |
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| Also called osseous tissue, one of hardest materials in body, formed from gradual process before birth call ossification, and most in fetal skeleton are formed from a cartilage model, flexible tissue is gradually replaced by osteoblasts (immature bone cells), in adults the osteoblasts mature into osteocytes, and formation of strong ones are dependant on adequate supply of minerals |
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| longer than wide (femur and humerus) |
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| Roughly as long as wide (carpals and tarsals) |
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| Plate-shaped (sternum, scapula, and pelvis) |
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| Shape very irregular (vertebrae) |
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| Central shaft, Medullary cavity with open canal within and contains yellow bone marrow which is mostly fat |
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| Wide ends with distal epiphysis and proximal epiphysis, has articular cartilage that covers it and prevents bone rubbing on bone |
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| Covers surface of bone not covered by articular cartilage, thin connective tissue membrane and contains numerous nerve and lymphatic vessels |
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| Also called cortical bone, very dense and hard, outer layer of bone, and found in both epiphysis and diaphysis |
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| Also called spongy bone, found inside bone, has spaces containing red bone marrow (manufactures blood cells |
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| Projection from the surface of a bone, rough processes provide place for muscle attachment, smooth rounded processes articulate with another bone in a joint, and named for shape, location, or other characteristic |
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| Large smooth ball-shaped end of a long bone |
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| Smooth rounded portion at end of bone |
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| Projection above or on a condyle |
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| Sinus-hollow cavity within bone, foramen-smooth opening for nerves and blood vessels, fossa-shallow cavity or depression within a bone, and fissure-deep groove or slit-like opening |
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| Smooth opening for nerves and blood vessesls |
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| Shallow cavity or depression within a bone |
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| deep groove or slit-like opening |
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| Has two parts the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton |
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| Includes head, neck, spine, chest, and trunk |
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| Divided into two parts the cranium and facial bones, protects brain, eyes, ears, nasal cavity, and oral cavity, also attachment for muscles of chewing and turning head |
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| Frontal-Forehead-1, Parietal-upper sides and roof of skull-2, temporal-sides & base of skull-2, ethmoid-part of eye orbit, nose & floor of skull-1, sphenoid-part of floor of skull-1, occipital-back and base of skull-1 |
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| Mandible-lower jawbone-1, maxilla-upper jawbone-1, zygomatic-cheek bone-2, vomer-part of nasal septum-1, palatine-hard palate and floor of nose-1, nasal-part of nasal septum and bridge of nose-1, lacrimal-inner corner of eye |
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| Single U-shaped bone, in neck between mandible and larynx, and attachment point for swallowing and speech muscles |
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| Vertebral column, sternum, and rib cage |
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| Divided into five sections: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx |
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| 5 fused vertebrae at base of spine |
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| 3-5 small vertebrae attached to sacrum |
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| 12 pairs of ribs, attached to vertebral column at back, and provides support for organs, such as heart and lungs |
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| Includes bones of: pectoral girdle, upper extremity, pelvis girdle, and lower extremity |
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| Attaches upper extremity to axial skeleton, articulates with: sternum anteriorly and vertebral column posteriorly, consists of: clavicle-collar bone and scapula-shoulder blade |
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| Arm which consists of: humerus-upper arm, ulna-part of forearm, radius-part of forearm, carpals-wrist bones, metacarpals-hand bones, and phalanges-finger bones |
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| Also caled os coxae, innominate bone, or hip bone, attaches lower extremity to axial skeleton, articulates with sacrum posteriorly, which consists of: llium, ischium, and pubis |
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| Leg which consists of: femur-thigh bone, patella-knee cap, tibia-shin bone, fibula-lower leg bone, tarsals-ankle bones, metatarsals-foot bones, and phalanges-toe bones |
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| Formed where two bones meet, also called an articulation, three types based on movement allowed and the type of connection between the 2 bones: synovial, cartilaginous, and fibrous |
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| Freely moving parts, most common type of joint, example is ball and socket, bones held together by ligaments which are strong bands of connective tissue and some contain a bursa which is a sac-like structure lined with synovial membrane, enclosed in an elastic joint capsule, contains synovial fluid which is a lubricant secreted by synovial membrane, and ends of bones are covered with articular cartilage |
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| Allow almost no movement, joined by thick tissue, example: sutures of the skull |
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| Allow slight movement, hold bones firmly in place by solid piece of cartilage, example; pubic symphysis |
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| -centesis (arthrocentesis) |
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| puncture to withdraw fluid from joint |
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| surgical removal of cartilage |
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| -malacia (chondromalacia) |
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| surgical repair of cartilage |
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| pertaining to the outer portion |
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| intra- -al (intracranial) |
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| pertaining to inside the skull |
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| pertaining to the inner portion |
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| chondr/o -oma (osteochondroma) |
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| myel/o -itis (osteomyelitis) |
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| bone and bone marrow inflammation |
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| inflammation of synovial membrane |
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| inflammation of synovial membrane |
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| surgical removal of synovial membrane |
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| inter- -al (intervertebral) |
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| pertaining to between vertebrae |
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| mass of bone tissue that forms at fracture site during healing |
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| solid material to immobilize a fracture; may be made of plaster of Paris or fiberglass |
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| practice of treating patients using manipulations of vertebral column; practitioner is a chiropractor |
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| noise produced by bones or cartilage rubbing together |
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| abnormal increase in curve of thoracic spine; humpback |
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| abnormal increase in forward curvature of lumbar spine; swayback |
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| branch of medicine specializing in diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal system; physician is an orthopedist |
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| brace or splint used to prevent or correct deformities; specialist in making is an orthotist |
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| profession specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of feet and lower leg; practitioner is a podiatrist |
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| artificial device to substitute for a missing or damaged body part |
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| profession specializing in making prostheses; specialist in making is a prosthetist |
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| fracture with no open skin wound; also called simple fracture |
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| fracture where bone is shattered, splintered, or crushed |
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| fracture with an open skin wound; also called open fracture |
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| fracture with loss of height in vertebral body; often from osteoporosis |
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| incomplete break; one side of bone is broken, the other is bent; common in children |
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| bone fragment are pushed into each other |
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| fracture at an angle to bone |
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| fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone |
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| fracture line spiral around shaft of bone; often slower to heal |
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| slight fracture caused by repetitive low-impact forces like running |
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| fracture is straight across bone |
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| cancerous tumor of shaft of long bones; spreads through periosteum; amputation is necessary to prevent metastasis |
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| most common type of bone cancer; begins in osteocytes |
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| softening of bones caused by calcium deficiency; caused in children with insufficient sunlight and vitamin D |
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| decrease in bone mass; results in thinning and weakness of bones; porous bone easily fractures |
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| metabolic disease of bone; unknown cause; results in bone destruction and deformity |
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| caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency; results in bone deformities like bowed legs |
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| inflammatory condition resembles rheumatoid arthritis; gradual stiffening and fusion of vertebrae |
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| herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) |
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| protrusion of an intervertebral disk; also called ruptured disk |
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| congenital anomaly; vertebra fails to fully form around spinal cord |
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| narrowing of spinal canal; causes pressure on spinal cord and nerve |
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| forward sliding of lumbar vertebra over vertebra below it |
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| inflammation bursa at base of great toe |
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| bones in joint are displaced from normal alignment |
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| results in degeneration of bone and joints; bone rubs against bone |
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| rheumatoid arthritis (RA) |
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| autoimmune inflammation of joints with swelling, stiffness, pain; results in joint deformities |
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| damage to ligaments around joint due to overstretching; no dislocation or fracture |
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| incomplete dislocation; joint alignment is disrupted, but ends of bones remain in contact |
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| systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) |
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Definition
| autoimmune disease of connective tissue affecting many systems including joints; looks like rheumatoid arthritis |
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| congenital deformity of ankle misalignment; clubfoot |
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| visualizing joint by X-ray after injecting contrast medium into joint |
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| nuclear medicine procedure; radioactive dye is used to visualize bones; useful for identifying stress fractures and metastases |
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| dual-energy absorptionmetry (DXA) |
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| measures bone density using low dose X-ray; detects osteoporosis |
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| Study of spinal column after injecting opaque contrast medium; useful for identifying herniated nucleus pulposus |
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| uses X-rays to study internal structure of body; especially useful for visualizing bones and joints |
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| Examining interior of joint with an arthroscope, a fiberoptic camera; view of joint interior appears on monitor during procedure |
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| removal of a limb for reasons like tumors, gangrene, or crushing injury |
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| performing surgery while using an arthroscope to view inside joint |
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| bone from another source used to replace boney defect in another location |
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Definition
| removal of bursa at base of great toe |
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| removal of posterior arch of vertebra to remove compression of a spinal nerve |
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Definition
| tube is inserted into intervertebral disk to suck out ruptured disk; may also be done with a laser |
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Definition
| surgical immobilization of adjacent vertebrae |
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| total hip arthroplasty (THA) |
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Definition
| implanting a prosthetic hip joint |
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| total knee arthroplasty (TKA) |
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Definition
| implanting a prosthetic knee joint |
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Definition
| stabilizes fracture while it heals; external fixation includes casts and splints; internal fixation includes pins, plates, and screws |
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Definition
| realigning bone fragments of fracture; closed reduction is manipulation without surgery; open reduction requires surgery |
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Definition
| applying a pulling force on fracture or dislocation to restore alignment |
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| bone reabsorption inhibitors |
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Definition
| reduces the reabsorption of bone; treats osteoporosis and Paget's disease |
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| calcium supplements & Vitamin D supplements |
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Definition
| supplements that maintain bone density; treats osteomalacia, osteoporosis, & rickets |
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Definition
| have strong anti-inflammatory properties; treat rheumatoid arthritis |
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| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) |
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Definition
| provide mild pain relief and anti-inflammatory benefits; treat arthritis |
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| bone mineral vertetra, etc. |
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| first cervical vertebra, etc. |
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Definition
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| degenerative joint disease |
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Definition
| dual-energy absorptiometry |
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Definition
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Definition
| herniated nucleus pulposus |
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Definition
| juvenile rheumatoid arthritis |
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Definition
| first lumbar vertebra, etc. |
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| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
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| open reduction - internal fixation |
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| systemic lupus erythematosus |
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Definition
| first thoracic vertebra, etc. |
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| Function of Muscular System |
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Definition
| Individual cells are able to contract or shorten in length and shortening produces movement and organ are muscles |
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| Bundles of parallel muscle tissue fibers, fibers contract: shorten in length, produce movement, move bones closer together, push food through digestive system, and pump blood through blood vessels |
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Definition
| Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac, they include voluntary muscles: consciously choose to contract the muscle and skeletal and involuntary muscles: under control of subconscious brain and smooth muscles and cardiac muscle |
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Definition
| Consciously choose to contract the muscle and are skeletal muscles. |
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Definition
| Under control of subconscious brain and smooth muscles and cardiac muscle. |
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Definition
| Attached to bones, produce voluntary movement of skeleton, and also referred to as striated muscle: looks striped under microscope, muscle is wrapped in layers of connective tissue: called fascia, tapers at the end to form tendon, inserts into periosteum to attach muscle to bone and are stimulated by motor neurons at point of contact with muscle fiber is called myoneural junction |
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Definition
| Associated with internal organs, also called visceral muscle: stomach, respiratory airways, and blood vessels, also called smooth because has no microscopic stripes and produces involuntary movement of these organs |
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Definition
| Also called myocardium, makes up wall of heart, and involuntary contraction of heart to pump blood |
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Definition
| Skeletal muscles attach to two different bones and overlap a joint and when muscle contracts both bones move, but not equally. Origin: less moveable of 2 bones and insertion: more moveable of 2 bones |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Action of skeletal muscle |
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Definition
| Type of movement produced by the muscle |
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| Anagonistic pairs of muscles |
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Definition
| Pairs of muscles arranged around a joint and produce opposite actions |
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Definition
| movement away from midline of body |
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Definition
| movement toward midline of body |
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| act of bending or being bent |
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Definition
| brings limb into a straight condition |
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| bending sole of foot; point toes |
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| Movement in circular direction from a central point |
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Definition
| Moving thumb away from palm to contact tip of other fingers |
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Definition
| Moving around a central axis |
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Term
| poly- -itis (polymyositis) |
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Definition
| inflammation of many muscles |
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Term
| poly- -itis (polymyositis) |
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Definition
| inflammation of many muscles |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| electr/0 -gram (electromyogram) |
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Definition
| record of muscle electricity |
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Definition
| pertaining to heart muscle |
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Definition
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Definition
| surgical repair of muscle |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| surgical repair of tendon |
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Definition
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| surgical repair of tendon |
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| scar tissue in fascia; makes muscle movement difficult |
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| poor muscle development; result of muscle disease or lack of use; muscle wasting |
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| abnormal shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, or fascia |
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| increase in muscle bulk from using it |
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| intermittent claudication |
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| attacks of severe pain and lameness caused by muscle ischemia; usually in calf muscles |
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| sudden, involuntary, strong muscle contraction |
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| severe neck spasms pulling head to one side; wryneck or crick in the neck |
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| widespread aching and pain in muscles and soft tissue |
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| inflammation of elbow muscles; caused by strong gripping; tennis elbow |
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| inherited disease with progressive muscle atrophy |
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| pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy |
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| one type of inherited muscular dystrophy; also called Duchenne's muscular dystrophy |
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| Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) |
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| repetitive motion disorder; compression of finger tendons and median nerve as they pass through carpal tunnel of the wrist |
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| cyst on tendon sheath; usually on hand, wrist, or ankle |
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| repetitive motion disorder |
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| chronic disorders involving tendon, muscles, joints, and nerve damage; tissue is subjected to pressure, vibration, or repetitive movements |
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| joint capsule of shoulder joint is reinforced by tendons; high degree of flexibility puts rotator cuff at risk for strain and tearing |
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| damage to muscle, tendons, or ligaments due to overuse or overstretching |
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| creating phosphokinase (CPK) |
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| muscle enzyme found in skeletal and cardiac muscle; elevated blood levels indicate muscle damage; seen in muscular dystrophy and heart attack |
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| deep tendon reflexes (DTR) |
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| muscle contraction in response to stretch; used to determine if muscles are responding properly |
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| study of strength and quality of muscle contraction in response to electrical stimulation |
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| removal of muscle tissue for examination |
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| cutting of ligament in wrist to relieve pressure caused by carpal tunnel syndrome |
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| surgical stabilization of a joint by anchoring down tendons of muscles that move the joint |
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| skeletal muscle relaxants |
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| relax skeletal muscle spasms |
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