Term
| Humans are _______ or warm-blooded animals. |
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Definition
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Term
| Humans regulate their internal body temperatures within a narrow range near _______, in spite of wide variations in environmental temperature. |
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Definition
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Term
| The body is divided into a _______ internal core and a _______ outer shell. |
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Definition
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Term
| Heat is produced in _______ tissues of the body, but is lost to the environment only from tissues _______ with the environment. |
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Definition
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Term
| Heat is lost from the body predominantly from _______, and to a lesser degree from _______. |
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Definition
| The skin; The Respiratory Tract |
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Term
| Heat flow by _______ varies directly with the thermal conductivity of the tissues. |
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Definition
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Term
| Heat flow by _______ depends on the rate of blood flow and the temperature different between the _______ and the _______. |
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Definition
| Convection; Tissue; Blood supplying the tissue |
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Term
| Core temperature varies slightly fro one site to another depending on such local factors as _______, _______ and _______. |
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Definition
| Metabolic rate; Blood supply; The temperatures of neighbouring tissues |
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Term
| The effects of heavy exercise and fever are familiar, variation among individuals and such factors as _______, _______ and _______ to heat can also cause differences of up to 1 degree celcius in core temperature at rest. |
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Definition
| Time of day; Phase of the menstrual cycle; Acclimatization |
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Term
| The _______ is well insulated from the environment, its temperature is independent of environmental temperature. |
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Definition
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Term
| The tongue is richly supplied with blood, oral temperature under the tongue is usually _______. |
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Definition
| Close to blood temperature |
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Term
| Cooling the _______, _______ or _______ can make oral temperature misleadingly low. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most heat is exchanged between the body and the environment at _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Skin temperature is ________ than core temperature. |
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Definition
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Term
| Skin temperature is affected by thermoregulatory responses such as _______ and _______, _______ and environmental factors such as _______, _______ and _______. |
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Definition
| Skin blood flow; Sweat secretion; The temperatures of underlying tissues; Air temperature; Air movement; Thermal radiation |
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Term
| _______ is one of the majour factors determining heat exchange with the environment. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Calorie (capital C) used in physiology and nutrition is the quantity of heat that will raise the temperature of _______ of pure water by _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Heat is a _______ of Energy-requiring Metabolic processes |
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Definition
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Term
| About 70% of energy production at rest occurs in the body _______, (_______, and _______) even though they comprise only about 36% of body mass. |
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Definition
| Core; Trunk viscera; The Brain |
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Term
| As a by-product of their metabolic processes, these organs (Trunk viscera; brain) produce most of the heat needed to maintain _______ at comfortable environmental temperatures. |
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Definition
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Term
| Only in the cold must such by-product heat be supplementeby by heat produced expressly for _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Factors other than body size that affect metabolism at rest include _______ and _______ and _______ and _______. |
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Definition
| Age; Sex; Hormones; Digestion |
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Term
| The ratio of metabolic rate to suface area is _______ in infancy and _______ with age. |
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Definition
| Highest; Declines (most rapidly in childhood and adolescence and more slowly thereafter.) |
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Term
| A woman's metabolic rate _______ during pregnancy. |
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Definition
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Term
| The metabolic rate increase in pregnancy is need for _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _______ and _______ are the hormones that have the greatest effect on metabolic rate. |
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Definition
| Catecholamines; Thyroxine |
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Term
| _______ cause glycogen breakdown into glucose and stimulate many enzyme systems, _______ cellular metabolism. |
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Definition
| Catecholamines; Increasing |
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Term
| _______ is a clinical feature of some cases of pheochromocytoma, a catecholamine secreting tumor of the adrenal medulla. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is a catecholamine secreting tumor of the adrenal medulla. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ magnifies the metabolic response to catecholamines, _______ protein synthesis, and _______ oxidation by the mitochondria. |
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Definition
| Thyroxine; Increases; Stimulates |
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Term
| A resting person's metabolic rate increases 10 to 20% _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| The effect of food raising a person's metabolic rate is called the _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The thermic effect of food is _______ after eating protein and _______ after carbohydrate and fat. |
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Definition
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Term
| The thermic effect of food lasts _______ and appears to be associated with _______. |
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Definition
| Several hours; Processing the products of digestion in the liver |
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Term
| Basal Metabolic rate is measured after fasting for _______, _______. beginning after the person has rested quietly for at least _______ and the air temperature must be _______. |
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Definition
| 12 Hours; in the morning after a good night's sleep; 30 Minutes; Comfortable |
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Term
| _______ is a method of estimating metabolic rate which is based on measuring a person's rate of oxygen consumption. |
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Definition
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Term
| Even during mild exercise the _______ are the principal source of metabolic heat, and during intense exercise they may account for up to _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is the transfer of heat resulting from the movement of a fluid, either liquid or gas. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is the body's only means of losing heat when the environment is hotter than the skin. |
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Definition
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Term
| Evaporation must dissipate the heat produce by _______ and any heat gained from the environment by _______ and _______. |
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Definition
| Metabolic processes; Convection; Radiation |
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Term
| Animals exchange heat with their environment through both _______ and the _______, but only the _______ exchanges heat by radiation. |
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Definition
| Skin; Respiratory passages; Skin |
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Term
| The rate of _______ is the difference between heat production and net heat loss. |
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Definition
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Term
| Storage of heat in the tissues changes their _______, and the amount of heat stored is the _______, the body's _______ and a suitable mean body temperature. |
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Definition
| Temperature; Product of body mass; Mean specific heat |
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Term
| The body's mean specific heat depends on its _______, especially the _______. |
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Definition
| Composition; Proportion of Fat |
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Term
| Evaporative heat loss is nearly _______ of ambien temperature below 30 degrees celcius. |
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Definition
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Term
| Heat produced in the body must be delivered to the _______ to be eliminated. |
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Definition
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Term
| Heat exchange with other tissues (those which it passes through on the way to the skin) is greates when skin blood flos is _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood flow in human skin is under dual _______ control. |
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Definition
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Term
| When a person is _______ raising skin blood flow brings skin temperature nearer to blood temperature and lowering skin blood flow brings skin temperature nearer to ambien temperature. |
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Definition
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Term
| In most of the skin, the vasodilation that occurs during heat exposure depends on _______ that cause the blood vessels to dilate. |
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Definition
| Sympathetic Nerve signals |
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Term
| Active vasodilation (sympathetically induced) occurs in almost all the skin except in so-called acral regions, _______, _______, _______, _______ and _______. |
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Definition
| Hands; Feet; Lips; Ears; Nose |
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Term
| Behavioural thermoregulation is governed by _______ and _______. |
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Definition
| Thermal sensation; Comfort |
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Term
| RAther than operating at only two levels, most physiological control systems produce a graded response according to the _______ in the regulated variable. |
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Definition
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Term
| In many instances, changes in the controlled variables are _______ to displacements of the regulated variable from some threshold value. |
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Definition
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Term
| Changes in controlled variable that are proportional to displacements of the regulated variable from some threshold vaule are called _______. |
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Definition
| Proportional control systems |
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Term
| Temperature receptors in the _______ and _______ transmit information about their temperatures through afferent nerves to the brainstem and especially to the _______. |
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Definition
| Body Core; Skin; Hypothalamus |
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Term
| The _______ is where much of the integration of temperature information occurs. |
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Definition
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Term
| The sensitivity of the thermoregulatory system to core temperature enables it to adjust _______ and _______ to resist disturbance in core temperature. |
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Definition
| Heat production; Heat Loss |
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Term
| _______ elevates the core temperature at rest. |
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Definition
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Term
| Heat acclimatization _______ the core temperature at rest. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fever, Heat acclimatization, the circadian rhythm and the menstrual cycle change the core temperature at rest by changing the _______. |
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Definition
| Thermoregulatory set point |
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Term
| During prolonged heat exposure with high sweat output, sweating rates _______ and the response of sweat glands to local _______ drugs is _______. |
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Definition
| Gradually decline; Cholinergic; Reduced |
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Term
| The reduction of sweat gland responsiveness is sometimes called _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Wetting the skin makes the _______ swell, mechanically obstructing the sweat gland ducts and causing a reduction in sweat secretion called _______. |
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Definition
| Stratum Corneum; Hidromeiosis |
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Term
| Intense exercise may _______ heat production within the body 10-fold or more, requiring large increases in _______ and _______ to reestablish the body's heat balance. |
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Definition
| Increase; Skin blood flow; Sweating |
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Term
| Increased heat production during exercise causes an increase in _______, which in turn elicits _______. |
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Definition
| Core temperature; Heat-loss responses |
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Term
| Core temperature continues to rise until _______ has increased enough to match _______ and core temperature and the heat-loss responses reach new _______ levels. |
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Definition
| Heat loss; Heat Production; Steady-state |
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Term
| Prolonged or repeated exposure to stressful environmental conditions elicits significant physiological changes called _______, that reduce the resulting strain. |
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Definition
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Term
| Some degree of heat acclimatization occures either by _______ alone or by _______, which raises _______ and provokes heat-loss responses. |
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Definition
| Heat exposure; Regular strenuous exercise; Core temperature |
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Term
| Most of the improvement in heat tolerance occurs within _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Heat Acclimatization includes adjustments in _______, _______ and _______. |
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Definition
| Heart Rate; Temperatures; Sweat Rate |
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Term
| Changes in _______ and _______ balance also occur with Heat acclimatization. |
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Definition
| Fluid; Electrolyte Balance |
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Term
| During the first week of heat acclimatization total body water and especially plasma volume _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Especially in humid heat, the fraction of sweat secreted on the limbs _______ to make better use of the skin surface for evaporation. |
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Definition
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Term
| With acclimatization the sweat glands become able to _______ sodium, this effect is mediated through _______, which is secreted in response to sodium depletion and to exercise and heat exposure. |
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Definition
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Term
| Constriction of cutaneous arterioles reduces _______ and Shell _______. Constriction of superficial limb veins further improves heat conservation by diverting venous blood to the _______. |
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Definition
| Skin Blood flow; Conductance; Deep Limb veins |
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Term
| There are a few reports of increased ______ and sometimes _______ activity in the winter. |
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Definition
| Basal Metabolic rate; Thyroid |
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Term
| As the skin is cooled below 15 degrees celcius, its blood flow begins to increase somewhat, as response called _______. |
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Definition
| Cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) |
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Term
| After repeated cold exposure, CIVD begins earlier during clod exposure, produces higher levels of blood flow, and takes on a rhythmic pattern of alternating vasodilation and vasoconstriction called the _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ are substances that cause fecer and may be either exogenous or endogenous. |
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Definition
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Term
| Exogenous pyrogens stimulate a variety of cells, especially _______ and _______ to release endogenous pyrogens, polypeptides that cause the thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus. |
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Definition
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Term
| The effect of endogenous pyrogens is mediated by the local synthesis and release of _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Aspirin and other drugs that inhibit the synthesis of _______ also reduce fever. |
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Definition
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Term
| Many of the body's defenses against infection and cancer are elicited by a grop of polypeptides called _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The group of endogenous pyrogens _______ commonly elicit the body's response agains infection and cancer. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is circulatory failure resulting from a pooling of blood in the peripheral veins, with a consequent decrease in venous return and diastolic filling of the heart, resulting in decreased cardiac output and a fall of arterial pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| Heat syncope affects mostly those who are _______, presumably because the plasma-volume expansion that accompanies acclimatization compensates for the peripheral pooling of blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______, also called heat collapse, is probably the most common heat disorder. |
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Definition
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Term
| Heat exhaustion represents a _______ of cardiovascular homeostasis in a hot environment. |
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Definition
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Term
| In _______ the patient has dilated pupils and usually sweats profusely. |
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Definition
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Term
| The most severe and dangerous of heat disorders, _______, is characterized by high core temperature, neurological disturbances with a loss of consciousness and frequently convulsions. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the classical form the primary factor is _______ that overwhelms an impaired thermoregulatory system, and most patietns have preexisting chronic disease. |
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Definition
| Environmental heat stress |
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Term
| In _______ heat stroke, the primary factor is high metabolic heat production. |
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Definition
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Term
| Rhabdomyolysis, hepatic renal injury and disturbances of blood clotting are frequent accompaniments of ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The traditional diagnostic criteria of heat stroke, _______, _______ and rectal temperature above 41.3 degrees celcius are characteristic of the _______ form. |
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Definition
| Coma; Hot dry skin; Classical |
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Term
| In exertional heat stroke patients may have a _______ rectal temperature and often _______. |
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Definition
| Somewhat lower; Sweat Profusely |
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Term
| The _______ is the cornerstone of treatment in heat stroke and it is most effectively accomplished by immersion in cold water. |
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Definition
| Rapid lowering of core temperature |
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Term
| _______ is a rare process triggered by deplarizing neuromuscular blocking agents or certain inhalational anesthetics. |
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Definition
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