Term
| Secretions of the GI tract share _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A given secretion originates from _______ before _______ with other secretions. |
|
Definition
| Individual groups of cells; Pooling |
|
|
Term
| Secretions often empty into _______ which in turn empty into _______ which then empty into the lumen _______. |
|
Definition
| Small ducts; Larger ducts; of the GI Tract |
|
|
Term
| Salivary secretion is unique in that it is regulated _______. |
|
Definition
| Almost exclusively by the nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Saliva performs several functions, it Facilitates chewing and swallowing by _______ food,, Carries _______, and assists in _______ digestion. |
|
Definition
| Lubricating, immunoglobulins that combat pathogens; Carbohydrate |
|
|
Term
| The _______, _______ and _______ are the majour salivary glands. |
|
Definition
| Parotid; Submandibular; Sublingual |
|
|
Term
| The Parotid glands secrete saliva that is rich in _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The submandibular and sublingual glands secrete saliva that is _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormones may _______ the composition of saliva, but salivary secretion is under _______. |
|
Definition
| Modify; Autonomic control |
|
|
Term
| The basic unit is the _______ and consists of the acinus, intercalated duce, the striated duct and the excretory (collecting) duct. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The basic unit is the _______ and consists of the acinus, intercalated duct, the striated duct and the excretory (collecting) duct. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ cells secrete digestive enzymes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ cells secrete Mucin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serous cells contain an abundance of Rough Endoplasmic reticulum, reflecting active _______ synthesis and numerous _______. |
|
Definition
| Protein; Zymogen granules |
|
|
Term
| The electrolyte composition of the primary secretion produced by the acinar cells resembles that of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The electrolyte composition of saliva depends on _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At low secretion rates the ductal epithelium has more time to modify, and thus _______ the osmolality of the primary secretion, so the saliva has a much _______ osmolality than plasma. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The two majour proteins present in saliva are _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is the most abundant protein in saliva. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mucin is responsible for most of saliva's _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small amounts of the Lysozyme ________ are present in saliva that can lyse the muramic acid of certain bacteria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ a protein that binds iron is also present in Saliva. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Present in saliva is _______ which stimulates gastric mucosal growth; immunoglobulins (mainly IgA); and ABO group substances |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most potent stimuli for salivary secretion are _______. |
|
Definition
| Acidic-tasting secretion, such as citric acid |
|
|
Term
| Factors that stimulate salivary secretion include _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Salivary Secretion is inhibited by _______, _______, and _______. |
|
Definition
| Anxiety; Fear; Dehydration |
|
|
Term
| _______ stimulation induces the acinar cells to release the protease Kallikrein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kallikrein acts on a plasma globulin _______ to release lysyl-bradykinin which causes _______ of the blood vessels supplying the salivary glands. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atropine is a potent _______ of salivary secretions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some _______ stimulation also increases blood flow the salivary glands firectly apparently via the release of the neurotransmitter _______. |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) |
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|
Term
| _______ stimulation tends to result in a short-lived and much smaller increase in salivary secretion than _______ stimulation. |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic; Parasympathetic |
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|
Term
| The majour function of the stomach is storage, but is also _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
| Absorbs water-soluble; lipid-soluble substances |
|
|
Term
| _______ is the semi-fluid material produced by the gastric digestion of food. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The stomach's mucosal lining, the _______ contains three main types of glands _______, _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
| Glandular gastric mucosa; Cardiac; Pyloric; Oxyntic |
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|
Term
| The _______ are located in a small area adjacent to the esophagus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cardiac glands are lined by _______ columnar cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Pyloric glands are located in a larer area adjacent to the duodenum, the contain cells similiar to mucous neck cells byt differ from cardiac and oxyntic glands in having many _______ called _______. |
|
Definition
| Gastrin-Producing; G cells |
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|
Term
| The Oxyntic glands contain _______ cells, _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
| Parietal; Chief cells; Mucous Neck Cells |
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|
Term
| Mucous Neck cells secrete _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parietal cells prinicipally secrete _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
| Hydrochloric Acid; Intrinsic Factor |
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|
Term
| Chief Cells secrete _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Various neuroendocrine cells are present in the stomach (such as G cells), these cells produce the hormone _______. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| _______ stimulates acid secretion by the stomach. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| An overabundance of gastrin secretion is a condition known as _______ which results in gastric hypersecretion and peptic ulceration. |
|
Definition
| Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome |
|
|
Term
| D cells present in the antrum produce _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both G cells and D cells are located primarily in the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most important constituents of human gastric juice are _______, _______, _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
| HCl; electrolytes; Pepsinogen; Intrinsic Factor |
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|
Term
| The surface mucous cells secrete a fluid containing _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mucus forms a _______ covering the surface of the gastric mucosa. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The Mucus gel layer contains _______ trapped which _______ acid, preventing damage to the mucosal cell surface. |
|
Definition
| Bicarbonate ions; Neutralizes |
|
|
Term
| The HCl present in the gastric lumen is secreted by the _______ of the corpus and fundus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A potassium-Hydrogen ion ATPase in the apical cell membrane of the parietal cell actively pumps _______ out of the cell in exchange for _______ entering the cell. |
|
Definition
| Hydrogen Ions; Potassium Ions |
|
|
Term
| The source of secreted hydrogen ions is the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At low secretion rates gastric juice contains high concentrations of _______ and _______ ions and low concentrations of _______ and _______ ions. |
|
Definition
| Sodium; Chloride; Potassium; Hydrogen |
|
|
Term
| Gastric juice contains several proteins: _______, _______, _______ and _______ |
|
Definition
| Pepsinogens; Pepsins; Salivary Amylase; Intrinsic Factor |
|
|
Term
| The acidity of gastric juice _______ to invasion of the GI Tract by microbes and parasites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ produced by stomach praietal cells is necessary for absorption of vitamin B12 in the terminal ileum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parietal cells possess special histamine receptors, H2 receptors, whose stimulation results in _______ acid secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Special endocrine cells of the stomach, enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, are believed to be the source of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The stimularion of acid secretion resulting from the the ingestion of food can be divided into three phases: _______, _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
| The cephalic phase, the gastric phase; The intestinal phase |
|
|
Term
| The _______ phase involves the Central Nervous System. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______, _______ and _______ send impulses via the vagus nerves to the parietal an dG cells in the stomach. |
|
Definition
| Smelling; Chewing: Swallowing food |
|
|
Term
| The _______ phase is mainly a result of gastric distension and chemical agens such as digested proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The gastric phase accounts for _______ of total gastric acid secretion. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| During the _______ protein digestion products in the duodenum stimulate gastric acid secretion through the action of the circulating amino acids on the parietal cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The intestinal phase account for only about _______ of total gastric acid secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is a disease associated with a high rate of recurrence and is characterized by ulcerative lesions of the gastroduodenal area. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The secretion of _______ inhibits the release of gastrin, and thus gastric acid secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the pH of the lumen of the stomach drops below 3 the _______ cells release secretin which inhibits the release of gastrin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acidification stimulates the release of _______, which inhibits the release of gastrin, and several peptides collectively known as _______. |
|
Definition
| Secretin; Enterogastrones |
|
|
Term
| Enterogastrones are released by _______. |
|
Definition
| Intestinal endocrine cells |
|
|
Term
| _______, _______ or _______ solutions in the dudenum stimulate the release of enterogastrones which inhibit gastric acid secretion. |
|
Definition
| Acid; Fatty Acids; Hyperosmolar |
|
|
Term
| _______ an enterogastrone produced by the small intestinal endocrine cells, inhibits parietal cell acid secretion. |
|
Definition
| Gastric Inhibitory Peptid (GIP) |
|
|
Term
| One of the majour functions of pancreatic secretion is to _______ in the chyme when it enters the duodenum from the stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The exocrine pancreas is composed of numerous small sac-like dilatations called _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Acini are composed of a single layer of pyramidal _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acinar cells are actively involved in the _______ of enzymes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The majour function of acinar cells seems to be modification of the _______ composition of the pancreatic secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pancreas secretes about 1L/day of _______ rich fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Na+ and K+ concentration of pancreatic juice are ______ those in plasma, but unlike plasma, pancreatic jice is anriched with _______ ions and has a relatively low Cl- concentration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pancreatic enzymes present in the intestinal lumen work best at a pH _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pancreatic enzymes present in the intestinal lumen work best at at pH close to neutral, therfore it is ______ to increase the pH of the chyme. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The other majour function of pancreatic secretion is the production of large amounts of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic secretion is under _______ and _______ control. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic secretion is stimulated by _______ in the vagus nerve that release ACh. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ nerve fibers mainly innervate the blood vessels supplying the pancreas, causing vasoconstriction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The secretion of electrolytes and enzymes by the pancrease is greatly influenced by _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Circulating GI hormones, particularly _______ and _______ greatly influence the secretion of electrolytes and enzymes by the pancreas. |
|
Definition
| Secretin; Cholescystokinin (CCK) |
|
|
Term
| Secretion tends to stimulate a _______ rich secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CCK stimulates a marked _______ in enzyme secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both _______ and _______ are produced by the small intestine and the pancrease has receptors for them. |
|
Definition
| Secretin; Cholecystokinin |
|
|
Term
| Seeing, smelling, tasting, chewing, swallowing or thinking about food results in the secretion of pancreatic juice _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bile contains _______ and _______, cholesterol, phospholipids and proteins and performs several important functions. |
|
Definition
| Bile salts; Bile pigments |
|
|
Term
| During the interdigestive state, the sphincter of Oddi is _______ and the gallbladder is _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the ingestion of a meal, _______ is released into the blood, causing contraction of the gallbladder and resulting in the delivery of bile into the duodenum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The electrolyte composition of human bile, collected from the hepatic ducts is _______ to that of blood plasma, except the _______ concentration may be higher, resulting in an alkaline pH. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary bile acids are synthesized by the hepatocytes and include _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
| Cholic acid; Chenodeoxycholic acid |
|
|
Term
| When bile enters the GI tract, _______ present inthe lumen act on the primary bile acids and convert them to _______ by dehydroxylation. |
|
Definition
| Bacteria; Secondary Bile Acids |
|
|
Term
| Cholic acid is converted to _______ and chenodeoxycholic acid is converted to _______. |
|
Definition
| Deoxycholic acid; Lithocholic acid |
|
|
Term
| Hepatocyte uptake of free and conjugated bile salts is _______ dependent and mediated by _______. |
|
Definition
| Sodium; Bile salt-sodium symport |
|
|
Term
| The Bile salt-sodium symport is a type of _______ active transport. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bile secretion is primarily regulated by a feedback mechanism with secondary _______ and _______ controls. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The majour determinant of bile acid synthesis and secretion by hepatocytes is the _______ in hepatic portal blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The bile acid concentratio nin hepatic portal blood exerts a _______ on the synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CCK is secreted by the intestinal mucosa when _______ or _______ are present in the lumen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CCK causes _______ of the Gallbladder, which in turn causes increased pressure in the bile ducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the bile duct pressure _______, the sphinter of Oddi relaxes, and bile is delivered into the lumen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ stimulates bile secretion directly by affecting the liver and indirectly by stimulating increased acid production that result in increased _______ release. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The biliary system is supplied by _______ and _______ nerves. |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic; Sympathetic |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic (Vagal) stimulation results in _______ of the gallbladder and _______ of the sphincter of Oddi, as well as increased bile formation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimulation of the Sympathetic nervous system results in _______ bile secretion and relaxation of the gallbladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gallbladder bile has _______ composition from hepatic bile. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The principal difference between gallbladder bile and Hepatic bile is that gallbladder bile is _______ concentrated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is the majour mechanism involved in concentrating hepatic bile by the gall bladder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______ of bile salts is the recycling of bile salts between the small intestine and the liver. |
|
Definition
| Enterohepatic circulation |
|
|
Term
| The total amount of bile acids in the body, primary or secondary, conjugated or free at any time is defined as the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bile salts in the intestinal lumen are absorbed via _______ pathways. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bile salts firstly are absorbed throughout the entire small intestine by _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mosr importantly biles salts are absorbed in the terminal ileum by _______ process. |
|
Definition
| An active carrier-mediated |
|
|
Term
| _______ in the terminal ileum and colon deconjugate the bile salts to form bile acids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The majour pigment present in bile is the orange compound _______, an end product of hemoglobin degradation in the mono-cyte macrophage system in teh spleen, bone marrow and liver. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemoglobin is first converted to _______ with the release of iron and globin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Biliverdin is then converted into _______ which is transported in blood bound to _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______ removes bilirubin from the circulation rapidly and _______ it with glucoronic acid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is secreted into the bile canaliculi through an active carrier-mediated process. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bile salts and lecithin in the bile solubilize _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the cholesterol concentration in bile _______ to the point it cannot be solubilized, it starts to _______, forming gallstones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eventually _______ deposits form in the gallstones, increasing their opacity and making them easily detectable on X-rays of the gallbladder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The small intestine secretes 2 to 3 L/day of _______ alkaline fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The secretion of isotonic alkaline fluid is derived mainly from cells in the _______, tubular glands located at the base of intestinal villi. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intestinal secretion probably helps maintain the _______ of the chyme and may also play a role in _______ noxious agents and washing away _______. |
|
Definition
| Fluidity; Diluting; Infectious microorganisms |
|
|
Term
| Several noxious agents, such as bacterial toxins can induce intestinal _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Also present in intestinal secretion are various mucin secreted by _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ toxin binds to the brush border membrane of crypt cells and increases intracellular adenylyl cyclase activity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mucous lubricates the mucosal surface and _______ it from mechanical damage by _______. |
|
Definition
| Protects; solid food particles |
|
|
Term
| Mucous may also provide a _______ barrier in the small intesine against the entry of _______ into the mucosa. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is a common disease involving a primary lesion of the intestinal mucosa. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Celiac sprue is also called _______. |
|
Definition
| Gluten-sensitive enteropathy |
|
|
Term
| In patients with celiac sprue, the water _______ protein gluten or its breakdown product interacts with the intestinal mucosa and causes a characteristic _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After a meal, the small intestine undergoes _______ contractions called segmentations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Segmentations ensure _______ of the small intestinal contents, exposure of the contents to digestive enzymes, and maximum exposure of digestion products to the small intestinal mucosa. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Celiac sprue is caused by the _______ of the small intestine to gluten. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Celiac sprue can result in the _______ of all nutrients as a result of the shortening or total loss of intestinal villi, which reduces the mucosal enzymes for nutrient digestion and the mucosal surface for absorption. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spiral or circular concentric folds ______ the surface areas of the intestine about _______ times. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Finger-like projections of the mucosal surface called _______ further increase the surface area of the small intestine about _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To amplify the absorptive surface furter, each epithelial cell, or _______, is covered by numerous closely packed _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Malabsorption of nutrients is usually not detected unless a _______ portion of the small intestine has been _______ or _______ because of disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most nutrients and Vitamins are absorbed by the _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Because bile salts are involved in the intestinal absorption of lipids it is important that they are not absorbed _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For effective _______ absorption, the small intestine as adapted to absorb the bile salts in the _______ through a bile salt transporter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______ is a standard treatment for patients with celiac sprue. |
|
Definition
| Elimination of dietary gluten |
|
|
Term
| The digestion and absorption of dietary carbohydrates takes place in the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Humans can digest most carbohydrates; those we cannot digest constitute the diteary fiber that forms _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Humans can digest most carbohydrates; those we cannot digest constitute the diteary fiber that forms _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Humans can digest most carbohydrates; those we cannot digest constitute the diteary fiber that forms _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The monosaccharides are mainly _______ and _______ is by far the most abundant of these. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The next common after monosaccharides are _______, _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
| Galactose; Fructose; Sorbitol |
|
|
Term
| The next common after monosaccharides are _______, _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
| Galactose; Fructose; Sorbitol |
|
|
Term
| _______ is derived from glucose and is almost as sweet, but absorbed much more slowly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ has been used as a weight-reduction aid to delay the onset of hunger sensations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The digestible polysaccharides are _______, _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
| Starch; Dextrins; Glycogen |
|
|
Term
| _______ is by far the most abundant carbohydrate in the human diet. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normally about 300 to 400 g of glycogen is stored in the _______ and _______ with more stored in _______ than in _______. |
|
Definition
| Liver; Muscle; Muscle; The liver |
|
|
Term
| Dietary fiber is made of polysaccharides that are usually _______ digested by the enzymes of the small intestine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fiber has an extremely important function in that they provide the "bulk" that facilitates intestinal _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carbohydrates are digested in _______ of the GI tract. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Digestion of carbohydrates starts when _______. |
|
Definition
| Food is mixed with saliva during chewing. |
|
|
Term
| Because salivary amylase works best at _______ pH, its digestive action _______ after the bolus mixes with acid in the stomach. |
|
Definition
| Neutral; Terminates rapidly |
|
|
Term
| _______ continues the digestion of the remaining carbohydrates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The digestion products of starch and glycogen, together with disaccharides (sucrose and lactose) are further digestd by _______. |
|
Definition
| Enzymes located at the brush border membrane |
|
|
Term
| Monosaccharides are absorbed by _______ either actively or by facilitated transport, that transports _______ for every molecule of monosaccharide. |
|
Definition
| Enterocytes; two Sodium ions |
|
|
Term
| Fructose is taken up by facilitated transport. Fructose absorption is _______ than glucose and glactose absorption and is _______ dependent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Congenital sucrase deficiency results in symptoms similiar to those of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sucrase deficiency can be inherited or acquired through disorder os the smal lintestine such as _______ or _______. |
|
Definition
| Tropical sprue; Crohn's disease |
|
|
Term
| Dietary fiber includes indigestible carbohydrates and carbohydrate-like components found mainly in _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dietary fiber imparts _______ to the bolus and therefore _______ transit time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A layer of poorly sirred fluid called the _______ coats the surface of the intestinal villi. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is the majour pancreatic enzyme for digesting phospholipids, forming lysophospholipids and fatty acids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipid digestion occurs in the _______. |
|
Definition
| Lumen of the Small Intestine |
|
|
Term
| In the _______ monoglycerides and fatty acids are rapidly reconstituted to form triglycerides. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reassembled triglycerides, lecithin, cholesterol and cholesterol esters are packaged into _______ and exported from the enterocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ are made exclusively by the small intestine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary function of _______ is to transport the large amount of dietary fat absorbed by the small intestine form the enterocytes to the lymph |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inseceral clinical conditions, lipid digestion and absorption are impaired, resulting in _______ of lipids and other nutrients and _______. |
|
Definition
| Malabsorption; Fatty Stools |
|
|
Term
| Abnormal lipid absorption can result in numerous problems because the body _______ to function normally. |
|
Definition
| Requires certain fatty acids. |
|
|
Term
| _______ deficiency significantly reduces the ability of the exocrine pancreas to produce digestive enzymes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One characteristic of pancreatic deficiency is _______ resultin from the poor digestion of fat by _______. |
|
Definition
| Steatorrhea; Pancreatic lipase |
|
|
Term
| _______ is an autosomal recessive disorder which is characterized by a complete lack of apo B, which is required for the fomation and secretion of chylomicrons and VLDLs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Individuals with abetalipoproteinemia do no produce any chylomicrons or VLDLs in the small intestine they are unable to transport absorbed fat, resulting in _______ of enterocytes. |
|
Definition
| An accumulation of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| There are _______ essential amino acids. |
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Definition
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Term
| The average American takes in _______ to _______ of protein. |
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Definition
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Term
| While most protein entering the GI tract is dietary protein, there are also proteins derived from endogenous sources such as _______, _______, and _______ secretions and the cells shed from the intestinal villi. |
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Definition
| Pancreatic; Biliary; Pancreatic |
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Term
| Protein digestion starts in the stomach with the action of _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most of the digestion of proteins and polypeptides takes place in _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The three endopeptidases present in pancreatic juice are _______, _______ and _______. |
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Definition
| Trypsin, Chymotrypsin; Elastase |
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Term
| The _______ in pancreatic juice are carboxypeptidase A and carboxypeptidase B. |
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Definition
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Term
| Amino acids are taken up by enterocytes via _______. |
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Definition
| Secondary active transport |
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Term
| The uptake of amino acids is dependent on a _______ across the enterocyte brush border membrane. |
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Definition
| Sodium concentration gradient |
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Term
| In _______ the membrane carrier for neutral amino acids (e.g tryptophan) is defective. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ involves the carrier for basic amino acids and the sulfur-containing amino acids. |
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Definition
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Term
| Because the peptide transport system remains unaffected, disorders of some amino acid transporters can be treated with _______. |
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Definition
| Supplemental dipeptides containing these amino acids |
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Term
| The only feature shared by the fat-soluble vitamins is their _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The principal form of _______ is retinol. |
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Definition
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Term
| Retinol can be derived _______ from animal sources or through _______. |
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Definition
| Directly; Conversion from Beta-carotene |
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Term
| Vitamin A is rendered _______ by micellar solubilization, and is absorbed by the small intestine _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin A is converted in the small intestinal ______ to an ester, retinyl ester, which is incorporated in _______ and taken up by the liver. |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin A is important in the _______ and _______ of rhodopsin of the retina and in normal growth of _______. |
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Definition
| Production; Regeneration; The skin |
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Term
| Vitamin A deficient individuals develop _______ and _______. |
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Definition
| Night blindness; Skin lesions |
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Term
| Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble compounds collectively known as ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin D, like Vitamin A, is absorbed _______ by the small intestine and _______. |
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Definition
| Passively; Incorporated into Chylomicrons |
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Term
| Vitamin D is essentil for the normal _______ and _______ of bones and teeth. |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin D deficiency can result in _______, a disorder of abnormal bone ossification manifested by distored bone movements during muscular action. |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin E is alpha-tocopherol, _______ are rich in Vitamin E. |
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Definition
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Term
| Unlike Vitamin A and D, Vitamin E is transported in the circulation associated with _______ and _______. |
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Definition
| Lipoproteins; Erythrocytes |
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Term
| Vitamin E is a potent _______ and therefore prevents _______. |
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Definition
| Antioxidant; Lipid peroxidation |
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Term
| Tocopherol deficiency is associated with _______. |
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Definition
| Increased red cell susceptibility to lipid peroxidation |
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Term
| Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of _______. Vitamin K deficiency is associated with _______. |
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Definition
| Various clotting factors; Bleeding disorders |
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Term
| Vitamin C plays an important role in many _______ processes by acting as a coenzyme or cofactor. |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin C deficiency is associated with _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Scurby is characterized by _______, _______, _______ and _______. |
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Definition
| Weakness; Fatigue; Anemia; Bleeding Gums |
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Term
| Vitamin B1 (thiamine) plays an important role in _______. metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| Thiamine deficiency results in _______, characterized by anorexia and disorders of the nervous system and heart. |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin B2 is also called ________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Riboflavin deficiencies are associated with _______, _______, impaired use of food and _______. |
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Definition
| Anorexia; Impaired growth; Nervous Disorders |
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Term
| Biotin acts as a _______ for carboxylase, transcarboxylase and decarboxylase (play an important role in the metabolism of lipids, glucose, and amino acids) |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| So common in food that deficiencies is rarely observed |
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Term
| Folic acid is required for _______, _______, and growth. |
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Definition
| Nucleic acids; Maturation of red blood cells |
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Term
| Folic acid deficiency causes a _______. |
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Definition
| Fall in plasma and red cell folic acid content |
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Term
| In its most severe form folic acid deficiency causes the development of _______, _______ and poor growth. |
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Definition
| Megaloblastic anemia; Dermatological Lesions |
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Term
| Individuals who lack _______ fail to absorb Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and develop _______. |
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Definition
| Intrinsic Factor; Pernicious anemia |
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Term
| Nearly all of the dietary nutrients and approximately 95 to 9% of water that enter the upper small intestine are _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| On average about _______ to _______ Sodium enters teh GI lumen daily. |
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Definition
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Term
| Only about 5 to 8 grams of sodium is derived from _______. The rest is derived from _______, _______, and _______. |
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Definition
| The Diet; Biliary; Pancreatic; Small intestinal secretions |
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Term
| The _______ absorbs more than half of the total Sodium. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Vitamin C is absorbed by the _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is absorbed at low luminal concentrations by _______ and at high luminal concentrations by _______. |
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Definition
| Active carrier-mediated process; passice diffusion |
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|
Term
| Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is absorbed by the _______. |
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Definition
| Proximal small intestine by active transport |
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Term
| Niacin is absorbed at low luminal concentrations by _______. |
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Definition
| Sodium-dependent, carrier-mediated, facilitated transport |
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|
Term
| B6 (Pyroxidine) is absorbed by _______. |
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Definition
| Passive Diffusion in the small intestine |
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Term
| Biotin is absorbed at low luminal concentrations by _______ and at high luminal concentrations by _______. |
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Definition
| Sodium-dependent active transport; Passive diffusion |
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|
Term
| Folic Acid is absorbed by _______. |
|
Definition
| Sodium-dependent facilitated transport |
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|
Term
| B12 is absorbed in _______ by _______ involving binding to ________. |
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Definition
| Terminal Ileum; Active transport; Intrinsic factor |
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Term
| The absorption of potassium takes place _______ by _______ through the tight junctions and lateral intercellular spaces of the enterocytes. |
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Definition
| Througout the intestine; Passive diffusion |
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|
Term
| The driving force for potassium absorption is the difference between the _______ and _______ potassium concentration. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Intestinal chloride absorption involves both _______ and _______ processes. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Bicarbonate ions are absorbed in the _______ together with _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the ileum and colon bicarbonate ion is _______ into the lumen in exchange for _______. |
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Definition
| Actively secreted; Chloride ions |
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Term
| The secretion of bicarbonate ions in the ileum and colon is important in _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Buffering in the ileum and colon is necessary for buffer the _______ pH resulting from the short-chain fatty acids produced by _______ in the distal ileum and colon. |
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Definition
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Term
| Of calcium presented to the GI tract about _______ is absorbed. |
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Definition
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Term
| Calcium absorption takes place predominantly in the _______ and _______, is mainly _______ and involves three steps. |
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Definition
| Duodenum; Jejunum; Active |
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Term
| The absorption of magnesium seems to take place _______. |
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Definition
| Along the entire length of the small intestine |
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|
Term
| The average daily zinc intake is _______ to _______ mg, about half of which is absorbed, primarily in the _______. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Iron plays an important role not only as a component of _______ but also as a participant in _______. |
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Definition
| HEME; Many enzymatic reactions |
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Term
| Iron is absorbed main by the _______ and _______. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Iron absorption is closely regulated by _______ and _______. |
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Definition
| Iron storage in enterocytes; Iron concentration in the plasma |
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|
Term
| In human adults the average daily intake of water is about _______. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Despite the large volume intake, only about 100mL are lost _______. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The _______, _______ and _______ absorb the bulk of the water the enters the GI tract daily. |
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Definition
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