Term
| _______ refers to wall movement or lack thereof in the digestive tract |
|
Definition
| Gastrointestinal Motility |
|
|
Term
| The musculature is _______ muscle in the mouth, pharynx, upper esophagus and pelvic floor and is _______ smooth muscle elsewhere. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The circular muscle layer is _______ than the longitudinal layer and _______ in exerting contractile forces on the contents of the lumen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consequently contraction of circular muscle _______ the diameter of the lumen of an intestinal segment and _______ its length. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ganglia and interganglionic fiber tracts form the _______ between the longitudinal and the circular muscle layer and form the _______ between the mucosa and circular muscle layer. |
|
Definition
| Myenteric Plexus; submucosal plexus |
|
|
Term
| Both longitudinal and circular muscle layers are innervated by _______ neurons of the ENS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The longitudinal muscle layer is innervated mainly by _______ motor neurons; the circular muscle layer by _______ motor neurons. |
|
Definition
| Excitatory; both excitatory and inhibitory |
|
|
Term
| Unitary type smooth muscles contract _______ in the absence of neural or endocrine influence and contract in response to _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In both skeletal muscle and GI smooth muscle, _______ of the membrane electrical potential leads to the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In GI smooth muscle, _______ of cytosolic calcium activates the contractile proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smooth muscles have an additional mechanism in which the binding of a _______ to its receptor on the muscle membrane leads to the opening of calcium channels and the elevation of cytosolic calcium _______ any change in the membrane electrical potential. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ligands may be _______, _______, or _______. |
|
Definition
| Neurocrine; Paracrine; Hormones |
|
|
Term
| Smooth muscle fibers are connected to their neighbours by _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Resting Membrane potential of GI muscles is termed _______ and is mechanically the upstroke depolarization. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Resting membrane potential, phase 0 in GI muscles is due to the _______. |
|
Definition
| Outward potassium current |
|
|
Term
| Phase 1 in GI Muscles is termed the _______ (upstroke depolarization) and is due to _______. |
|
Definition
| Rising phase; activation of voltage-gated calcium and potassium channels |
|
|
Term
| In GI muscle Phase 2, the partial repolarization phase, is due to _______. |
|
Definition
| opening of voltage-gated potassium channels. |
|
|
Term
| _______ are generators of electrical slow waves in the stomach and small and large intestine. |
|
Definition
| Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) |
|
|
Term
| Pacemaker networks of ICCs are located _______ the small intestinal circular muscle, at the border with _______ and its border with _______. |
|
Definition
| surrounding; the longitudinal muscle (myenteric border); submucosa |
|
|
Term
| The _______, _______ and _______ make up the divisions of the ANS that innervate the digestive tract. |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic, Parasympathetic; Enteric Nervous systems |
|
|
Term
| Autonomic signals to the gut are carried from the brain and Spinal cord by _______ and _______ nervous pathways that represent the _______ component of innervation. |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic; parasympathetic; Extrinsic |
|
|
Term
| Neurons of the _______ division form the local intramural control networks that make up the _______ of the autonomic innervation. |
|
Definition
| Enteric; intrinsic component |
|
|
Term
| There are _______ levels of neural organization that determine the moment-to-moment behaviour of the digestive tract. |
|
Definition
| 5: ENS; Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia; Central sympathetic centers; Central parasympathetic centers; Higher brain centers |
|
|
Term
| The _______ consists of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, nucleus tractus solitarius, area postrema and nucleus ambiguus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the centre in the brain is more directly involved in the control of she speialized digestive functions of the _______, _______ and the functional cluster of _______, _______ and _______ than the distal Small intestine and large intestine |
|
Definition
| Esophagus; Stomach; Duodenum; Gallbladder; Pancreas |
|
|
Term
| A reflex circuit known as the _______ underlies moment-to-moment adjustments required for optimal digestive function in the _______. |
|
Definition
| Vago-vagal reflex; upper digestive tract |
|
|
Term
| Delayed gastric emptying is common in _______ and may be related to disorders of the vagus nerves, as part of a spectrum of autonomic neuropathy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Idiopathic gastric stasis? |
|
Definition
| A common condition in which patients have delayed gastric emptying with no demonstrable underlying condition. |
|
|
Term
| _______ ar used successfully in treating patients with idiopathic gastric stasis. |
|
Definition
| Motility-stimulating drugs |
|
|
Term
| _______ is a disorder which impedes gastric emptying due to a thickening of the muscles of the pyloric canal. |
|
Definition
| Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis |
|
|
Term
| Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis can be associated with _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rapid gastric emptying often occurs in patients who have had both _______ and _______ for treatment of peptic ulcer disease. |
|
Definition
| Vagotomy; gastric antrectomy |
|
|
Term
| _______, results from the "dumping" of large osmotic loads into the proximal small intestine and is caused by _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
| Dumping Syndrome; Vagotomy; Gastric antrectomy (treatments for peptic ulcer disease) |
|
|
Term
| _______ input generally functions to shunt blood from the splanchnic circulation during exercise and stressful environmental change coinciding with the suppression of digestive functions including _______ and _______ |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic; Motility; Secretion |
|
|
Term
| Activation of the _______ inputs allows only continuous discharge of inhibitory motor neurons to the nonspincteric muscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The overall effect of _______ is a state of paralysis of intestinal motility in conjuction with reduced intestinal blood flow. |
|
Definition
| Activation of Sympathetic input |
|
|
Term
| When a state of paralysis of intestinal motility exists it is called _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When physiologica ileus presists abnormally it is termed _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The splanchnic nerves are _______ nerves that contain _______ efferent and _______ afferent fibers. |
|
Definition
| Mixed; sympathetic; sensory |
|
|
Term
| The _______ is a minibrain located close to the effector systems it controls. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effector systems of the digestive tract are the ________, _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
| The musculature; secretory glands; Blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| The Integrative microcircuits of the ENS are located _______. |
|
Definition
| At the site of the effectors |
|
|
Term
| The _______ is also known as Auerbach's plexus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The myenteric plexus is located between the _______ and _______ of most of the digestive tract |
|
Definition
| Longitudinal; Circular Muscle layers |
|
|
Term
| The _______ is also known as Meissner's plexus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The submucosal plexus is located _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The submucosal plexus is located in teh submucosal region between the _______ and the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ neurons, _______ and _______ neurons form the microcircuits of the ENS. |
|
Definition
| Sensory; Interneurons; Motor |
|
|
Term
| _______ are mediated by multiple chemical messengers at a variety of different metabotropic receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Different kinds of receptors (all of which mediate slow synaptic-like responses) are found in varied combinations _______. |
|
Definition
| On each individual neuron |
|
|
Term
| A common mode of signal transduction involves _______ of adenylyl cyclase and _______ function of cAMP. |
|
Definition
| Receptor activation; Second messenger |
|
|
Term
| _______, _______, _______ are examples of enteric neurotransmitters that evoke slow EPSPs |
|
Definition
| Serotonin; Substance P; Acetylcholine |
|
|
Term
| _______ mediators released from nonneural cells in the gut also evoke slow EPSP like responses when released in the vicinity of the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______, released from mast cells during hypersensitivity reactions can evoke _______ in enteric neurons. |
|
Definition
| Histamine; Slow EPSP like responses |
|
|
Term
| _______ are a mechanism for prolonged neural excitation or inhibition of GI Effector systems. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The long-lasting discharge of spikes during the slow EPSP drives the release of neurotransmitter, this may result in either _______ or ________ at neuronal synapses and neuroeffector junctions in the gut wall. |
|
Definition
| Prolonged excitation; inhibition |
|
|
Term
| Most fast EPSPs are mediated by _______ acting at ionotropic nicotinic receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ionotropic receptors are those _______. |
|
Definition
| Coupled directly to ion channels |
|
|
Term
| Fast EPSPs function in rapid _______ and _______ of neurally coded information between the elements of the enteric microcircuits. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enteric Fast EPSPs have specific properties mediated by _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enteric slow IPSPs have specific properties mediated by _______. |
|
Definition
| Multiple chemical receptors |
|
|
Term
| Several different chemical messenger substances that may be _______, Purinergic or _______ produce slow IPSP-like effects. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______, _______, and _______ are all slow IPSP mimetics. |
|
Definition
| Enkephalins, dynorphin; morphine |
|
|
Term
| _______ inhibition in the ENS is mediated by multiple substances and their receptors. With _______ combinations of the receptors involved at each release site. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ acts at presynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic or cholinergic receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ acts are presynaptic Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors to suppress fast EPSPs at nicotinic synapses, _______, and cholinergic transmission at neuromuscular junctions. |
|
Definition
| Norepinephrine; Slow EPSPs |
|
|
Term
| _______ suppresses both fast and slow EPSPs in the myenteric plexus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Opiates or opioid peptides suppress _______ in the intestinal myenteric plexus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ acts at muscarinic presynaptic receptors receptors to suppress _______ in the myenteric plexus. This is a form of _______. |
|
Definition
| Acetylcholine; Fast EPSPs; Autoinhibition |
|
|
Term
| Autoinhibition exists where _______ released at synapses with nicotinic post synaptic receptors feeds back onto presynaptic _______ to suppress ACh release in _______ fashion. |
|
Definition
| ACh; Muscarinic; Negative Feedback |
|
|
Term
| Presynaptic inhibition operates _______ as a mechanism for selective shutdown or deenergizing of a microcircuit. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ refers to an enhancement of synaptic transmission resulting from the actions of chemical mediators at neurotransmitter release sites on enteric axons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Therapeutic agents that improve motility in the GI tract are known as _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is the mechanism of action of some prokinetic drugs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excitatory motor neurons release neurotransmitters that evoke _______ and _______ in the GI muscles. |
|
Definition
| Contraction; Increased tension |
|
|
Term
| _______ and _______ are the principal excitatory neurotransmitters released from enteric motor neurons to the musculature. |
|
Definition
| Acetylcholine; Substance P |
|
|
Term
| Acetycholine and Substance P are the principal _______ neurotransmitters released from enteric motor neurons to the musculature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurally evoked depolarization of the muscle membrane potential are called _______. |
|
Definition
| Excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) |
|
|
Term
| Inhibitory neurotransmitters released from inhibitory motor neurons activate receptors on the muscle plasma membranes to produce _______. |
|
Definition
| Inhibitory Junction Potentials (IJPs) |
|
|
Term
| Inhibitory Junction Potentials are _______ potential that move the membrane potentials _______ from the threshold for the discharge of AP's, thereby _______ the excitability of the muscle fiber. |
|
Definition
| Hyperpolarizing; away; reducing |
|
|
Term
| Inhibitory motor neurons _______ muscle contraction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Any treatment of condition that removes or inactivates inhibitory motor neurons results in _______ and ______ _______ activity of the circular musculature. |
|
Definition
| Tonic contracture; continuous; uncoordinated contractile |
|
|
Term
| Several circumstances are associated with conversion from a hypoirritable condition of the circular muscle to a hyperirritable state, these include _______, hypoxia from restricted blood flow to an intestinal segment, _______ or congenital absence. |
|
Definition
| Application of local anesthetics; an autoimmune attach on eteric neurons |
|
|
Term
| Congenital absence that removes the inhibitory neurons associated with conversion from a hypoirritable condition to hyperirritable condition of the circular muscle to a hyperirritable state is _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is a developmental disorder that is resent at birth but may not be diagnosed until later childhood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hirschsprung's disease is often called _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Hirschsprung's disease the proximal colon may become _______, due to the failure of the ENS to develop in the terminal region of the large intestine. |
|
Definition
| Grossly enlarged (with impacted feces) |
|
|
Term
| _______ is an inappropriate leakage of feces and flatus to a degree that is disable the patient by disrupting routine daily activities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensory malfunction, incompetnec of the internal anal sphincter, or disorders of the neuromuscular mechanisms of the external sphincter and pelvic floor muscles can all be factors in the pathophysiology of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Failure of peristalsis in the esophageal body or failure of the lower esphageal sphincter to relax will result in _______. |
|
Definition
| Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) |
|
|
Term
| In _______ of the lower esophageal sphincter, the sphincter fails to relax normally during a swallow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As a result of achalasia of the lower esophageal sphincter, the ingested material does not enter the stomach and _______. This leads to _______. |
|
Definition
| Accumulates in the body of the esophagus; Megaesophagus |
|
|
Term
| Achalasia is a disorder of _______ motor neurons in the lower esophageal sphincter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Achalasia results in a _______ of the inhibitory mechanisms for relaxing the sphincter with appropriate timing for a successful swallow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is the controlled movement of ingested foods, liquids, GI secretions and sloughed cells from the mucose through the digestive tract. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The crushing and grinding of ingested food by the stomach is termed _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trituration _______ particle size, _______ the surface area for action by digestive enzymes in the small intestine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ blend pancreatic, bilary, and intestinal secretions with nutrients in teh small intestine and bring products of digestion into contact with the absorptive surfaces of the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reservoir functions are performed but the _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The body of the stomach _______ ingested food and exerts _______ forces that are important determinants of gastric emptying. |
|
Definition
| Stores; Steady mechanical |
|
|
Term
| _______ is the organized propulsion of material over variable distances within the intestinal lumen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peristalsis is a Stereotyped _____ Motor reflex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The simultaneous _______ of the longitudinal muscle and _______ of the circular muscle results in _______ of the lumen, which prepares a receiving segment for the forward-moving intraluminal contents during peristalsis. |
|
Definition
| Shortening; Relaxation; Expansion |
|
|
Term
| Peristaltic propulsion involves formation of a _______ and a _______ segment, mediated by reflex control of the intestinal musculature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The second stereotyped peristaltic behaviour is _______ of the circular muscle in the segment behind the advancing intraluminal contents. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During contraction of the circular muscle to advance the intraluminal contents the longitudinal muscle _______ simultaneously with contraction of the circular muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Contraction of circular muscle and simultaneous relaxation of longitudinal muscle turn the region into a _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The propulsive segment propels the luminal contents _______ into the receiving segment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The normal state of motor quiescence become pathological when the gates for the particular motor patterns are _______ for abnormally long periods of time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a state of paralytic ileus, the basic circuits are locked in an inoperable state while _______ of the inhibitory neurons suppresses myogenic activity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______ prevents the refulx of gastric acid into the esophagus. |
|
Definition
| Lower esophageal sphincter |
|
|
Term
| The _______ prevents the excessive refuls of duodenal contents into the stomach. |
|
Definition
| Gastroduodenal sphincter or pyloric sphincter |
|
|
Term
| The _______ prevents the reflux of colonic contents into the ileum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______ surrounds the opening of the bile duct as it enters the duodenum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______ acts to prevent the reflux of intestinal contents into the ducts leading from the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transient relaxtion of the sphincter to permit the forward passage of material is accomplished by activation of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ongoing contractile tone in the smooth muscle sphincters is generated by the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is a pathological state in which smooth muscle sphincters fail to relax. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loss of ENS and its complement of _______ motor neurons in the sphincters can underlie achalasia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The esophagus is divided into three functionally distinct regions: _______, _______, and _______. |
|
Definition
| The upper esophageal sphincter; The esophageal body; The lower esophageal sphincter |
|
|
Term
| The _______ prevents the uncontrolled movement of intraluminal contents through the anus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is initiated by the voluntary act of swallowing, irrespective of the presence of food in the mouth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ Occurs when the primary peristaltic event fails to clear the bolus from the body of the esophagus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When not involved in the act of swallowing, the muscles of the esophageal body are _______ and the lower esophageal sphincter is _______. |
|
Definition
| Relaxed; Tonically contracted |
|
|
Term
| The relaxed state of the esophageal body is _____ produced by the ongoing activity of _______ motor neurons. |
|
Definition
| Not; inhibitory (unlike the small intestine) |
|
|
Term
| The activation of _______ motor neurons rather than _______ accounts for the coordinated contractions of the esophagus during a swallow. |
|
Definition
| Excitatory; Myogenic mechanisms |
|
|
Term
| Esophageal motor disorders are dianosed clinically with _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The anatomic regions of the stomach are the _______, _______, _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
| Fundus; Corpus (body); Antrum; Pylorus |
|
|
Term
| Functionally the stomach is divided into a proximal _______ and distal _______ on the basis of distinct differences in motility between the two regions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The reservoir consists of _______ and approximately _______. |
|
Definition
| the Fundus; 1/3 of the corpus |
|
|
Term
| The Antral pump consists of the caudal 2/3's of _______, _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
| The corpus; The Antrum; The pylorus |
|
|
Term
| Gastric antion potentials determine the _______ and _______ of the phasic contractions of the antral pump. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The gastric action potentials are initiated by _______ located in the corpus distal to the midregion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrical syncytial properties of the gastric musculature account for the _______ of the action potentials from the _______ to the _______. |
|
Definition
| Propagation; Pacemaker site; Gastroduodenal Junction |
|
|
Term
| A leading contraction with a _______ amplitude is associated with the _______ of the action potential. |
|
Definition
| Relatively constant amplitude; Rising phase |
|
|
Term
| A trailing contraction of _______ amplitude is associated with the _______ phase. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enteric neurons determine the _______ of the Trailing antral contraction. |
|
Definition
| Minute-to-minute Strength |
|
|
Term
| Jet-like retropulsion through the orifice of the antral compartment _______ solid particles in the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The force for retropulsion is _______ pressure in the terminal antrum as the trailing antral contraction approaches the closed pylorus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The action potentials of the distal stomach are _______ and occur in the _______ of any neurotransmitters or other chemical messengers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitters primarily affect the _______ of the plateau phase of the action potential, thereby controlling the _______ of the contractile event triggered by the plateau phase. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACh from _______ motor neurons, increase the _______ of the plateau phase and of the contraction initiated by the plateau. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ and _______ decrease the amplitude of the plateau and the strength of the associated contraction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is initiated by the act of swallowing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Receptive relaxation is a reflex triggered by _______ followed by transmission over afferents to the dorsal vagal complex and activation of efferent vagal fibers to _______ motor neurons in the gastric ENS. |
|
Definition
| Stimulation of mechanoreceptors in the pharynx; Inhibitory |
|
|
Term
| _______ is triggered by distension of the gastric reservoir. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adaptive relaxation is a _______ triggered by stretch receptors in the gastric wall. Transmission over vagal afferents to th dorsal vagal complex and efferent vagal fibers to inhibitory motor neurons of the ENS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is triggered by the presence of nutrients in the small intestine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adaptive relaxation is _______ in patients who have undergone a vagotomy as a treatment for gastric acid disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addition to storage in the reservoir and mixing and grinding by the antral pump, an important function of gastric motility is _______ of gastric chyme to the duodenum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Delivery of chyme to the duodenum must be at a rate that does not overload the _______ and _______ functions of the small intestine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______ is the time required for the grinding action of the antral pump to reduce the particle size. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The selective emptying of smaller particles first is reerred to as the _______ of the distal stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rate of gastric emptying _______ as the acidity of the gastric contents increases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meals with _______ empty from the stomach at a slower rate than meals with _______. |
|
Definition
| High caloric content; Low caloric content |
|
|
Term
| _______ is emptied most slowly from the stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is the most potent inhibitor of gastric emptying. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Part of the inhibition of gastric emptying by fats may involve the release of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hormone Cholecystokinin is a potent _______ of gastric emptying. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transit time in the stomach is the _______ of the three compartments. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transit time in the Large intestine is _______ of the three compartments. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The small intestine is in the _______ when nutrients are present and the _______ are ongoing. |
|
Definition
| Digestive State; Digestive Processes |
|
|
Term
| The small intestine converts to the _______ when the digestion and absorption of nutrients are complete. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The interdigestive state occurs approximately _______ after a meal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pattern of motility in the interdigestive stat is called the _______. |
|
Definition
| Migrating Motor Complex (MMC) |
|
|
Term
| The Migrating Motor Complex consists of 3 Consecutive phases: _______, _______, and _______. |
|
Definition
| Phase I; Phase II; Phase III |
|
|
Term
| Phase I of the MMC consists of a _______ period having ________ contractile activity, which corresponds to _______. |
|
Definition
| Silent; No; Physiological Ileus |
|
|
Term
| Phase II of the MMC consists of _______ occuring contractions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phase III of the MMC consists of _______ occuring contractions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A _______ pattern of motility replaces the MMC when the small intestine is in the _______ state. |
|
Definition
| Mixing; Digestive (following ingestion of a meal) |
|
|
Term
| The Mixing movements in the digestive state are sometimes called _______ or _______ as a result of their appearance on X-ray films of the small intestine. |
|
Definition
| Segmenting movements; Segmentation |
|
|
Term
| _______ involves strong, long-lasting contractions of the circular muscle that propagate for extended distances along the small and large intestines. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intestinal power propulsion differs from peristaltic propulsion during the MMC and mixing movements, in that _______ contractions in the propulsive segment are _______ and more open gates permit propagation over longer reaches of intestine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Power propulsion occurs in the _______ direction during emesis on the small intestine and in the _______ direction in response to noxious stimulation in _______ the small and large intestines. |
|
Definition
| Retrograde; Orthograde; Both |
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Term
| Sometimes _______ sensations and _______ are associated with Power propulsion. |
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Definition
| Abdominal cramping; Diarrhea |
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Term
| Application of irritants to the mucosa, the introduction of luminal parasites, enterotoxins form pathogenic bacteria, allergic reactions, and exposure to ionizing radiation all trigger _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the large intestine contractile activity occurs _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Whereas the contents of the small intestine move through _______ with _______ mixing of individual meals, the large bowel contains _______ of the remnants of _______ ingested _______. |
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Definition
| Sequentially; NO; A Mixture; several meals; 3 to 4 days |
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Term
| Power propulsion in the terminal length of the _______ may deliver relatively _______ volumes of chyme into the ascending colon, especially in the _______. |
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Definition
| Ileum; Large; Digestive State |
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Term
| Dwell time of material in the ascending colon is found to be _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Half of the instilled volume of the ascending colon empties on average in _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Ascending colon is specialized for _______ delivered form the terminal ileum. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Transverse colon is specialized for the _______ and _______ of Feces. |
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Definition
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Term
| The transverse colon is the primary location for removal of _______ and _______ and the storage of _______ in the large intestine. |
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Definition
| Water; electrolytes; Feces |
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Term
| Ring-like contractions of the circular muscle divide the colon into pockets called _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The motility pattern called _______ differs from segmental motility in teh small intestine, in that the contracting segment and receiving segments on either side remain in their respective states for _______ periods. |
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Definition
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Term
| Haustrations are dynamic in that they form and reform at _______ sites. |
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Definition
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Term
| Feces _______ have long dwell times in teh descending colon. |
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Definition
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Term
| The descending colon functions as a _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The descending colon functions as a conduit _______ retention of feces. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _______ and _______ are reservoirs with a capacity of up to 500mL in humans. |
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Definition
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Term
| The pelvic floor is formed by _______ sheets of striated fibers called _______ muscles. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Levator ani muscles includes the _______ and the striated external anal sphincter. |
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Definition
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Term
| The puborectalis muscle and striated external anal sphincter comprise a functional unit that maintains _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| When the decision to defecate is made, commands from the brain to the sacral cord shut off the _______ to the external sphincter and levator ani muscles. |
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Definition
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Term
| Skeltal motor commands contract the _______ muscles and _______ to increase intra-abdominal pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| Coordination of the skeletal muscle components of defacation results in a _______ of the anorectal angle, _______ of the pelvic floor and _______ of the anus. |
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Definition
| Straightening; Descent; Opening |
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