Term
|
Definition
erythropoiesis
lymphopoiesis
mylopoiesis |
|
|
Term
| erythropoiesis is regulated by ... and is stimulated by ... |
|
Definition
oxygen levels in blood
hypoxia |
|
|
Term
| ... cells of the ... produce erythopoietin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| erythropoietin induces ... production in the ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f erythrocytes have a nucleus |
|
Definition
| false, also don't have mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| erythrocytes are removed by ... and ... system |
|
Definition
spleen
mononuclear phagocyte |
|
|
Term
| erythrocytes require what 3 nutrients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... test counts the % of RBCs in blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... is reduced oxygen carrying capacity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 2 types of anemia are ... and ... |
|
Definition
hypoproliferative
hemolytic |
|
|
Term
| --ocytic refers to erythrocyte ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| --ochromic refers to erythrocyte ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sickle cell disease is known as a ... anemia |
|
Definition
| normochromic, it's just that the normal sized cells are the wrong shape |
|
|
Term
| with anemia, you get ... heart rate |
|
Definition
| increased, trying to get more blood and oxygen to body |
|
|
Term
| t/f you can have dyspnea with anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anemia can be a cause of ... degeneration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... anemias are the most common anemias |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... is the most common hypoproliferative anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| iron deficiency can cause ..., ... erythrocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| megaloblastic anemia is known as a .... anemia and is caused by ... |
|
Definition
hypoproliferative
nutritional deficiency
it is a disease of the elderly |
|
|
Term
| ... anemia causes impaired DNA synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... anemia is the premature destruction of RBCs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| jaundice or red-brown urine are caused by ... anemia |
|
Definition
| hemolytic, too much RBC destroying, caused too much bilirubin to build up |
|
|
Term
| ... anemias are caused by inherited RBC deficiencies and enzyme defects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TTP is a form of ... anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in ... platelet thrombi aggregate in the arterioles of various organs and cause RBC fragmentation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in TTP you might see a focal ... of the ... |
|
Definition
occlusion
choriocapillaris |
|
|
Term
| aplastic anemia is a form of ... anemia, and is associated with ... |
|
Definition
hypoproliferative
bone marrow damage |
|
|
Term
| ... anemia occurs in healthy, young individuals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normocytic or macrocytic RBCs (but low counts) are characteristic of ... anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in ... anemia you have a very low reticulocyte count |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the drug ... can cause aplastic anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... inhibits heme and globin synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lead poisoning is a ..., ... anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f in lead poisoning, lethargy is an early symptom |
|
Definition
| false, it's late--irritability is early |
|
|
Term
| an ocular manifestation of anemia is ..., where the red blood cell count is 50% of normal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in ... retinopathy, you can see ...-shaped or ... hemorrhages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Roth's spot is a sign of ..., and are intraretinal ... surrounding a ... |
|
Definition
anemic retinopathy
hemorrhages
white center |
|
|
Term
| cotton-wool spots are a sign of ... |
|
Definition
| acute or extremely severe anemia |
|
|
Term
| cotton-wool spots are ... infarcts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| only ...% of anemic-only people exhibit anemic retinopathy with hemorrhages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 40-70% of people with ... exhibit retinal hemorrhaging |
|
Definition
| anemia with thrombocytopenia |
|
|
Term
| to see a person with ... alone that has retinal hemorrhaging is ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pernicious anemia is a ...-... anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| folate deficiency anemia is a ...-... anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... anemia is more common than folate deficiency anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| .... .... atrophy leads to decreased production of intrinsic factor in ... anemia |
|
Definition
gastric mucosal
pernicious |
|
|
Term
| folate is a ... involved with DNA synthesis in RBCs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| low ... is associated with neural tube defects in fetuses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f folate deficiency anemia cannot be cured |
|
Definition
| false, treated with oral supplements |
|
|
Term
| iron deficiency anemia is a ...-... anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sideroblastic anemia is a congenital dysfunction of ... in erythroblasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sideroblastic anemia is a ...-... anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thalassemia is a congenital defect of ... synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thalassemia is a ...-... anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... anemia is the most common type of anemia worldwide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reversible sideroblastic anemia is associated with ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sideroblastic anemia is too much ... buildup that gives you ... skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| signs of sideroblastic anemia include ... in bone marrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| aplastic anemia is a ...-... anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| posthemorrhagic anemia is a ...-... anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hemolytic anemia is a ...-... anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anemia of chronic inflammation is a ...-... anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f hemolytic anemia can be either congenital or acquired |
|
Definition
| true, either the RBCs have molecular irregularities or a drug activates the immune system to respond to the RBCs |
|
|
Term
| ... anemia is the second most common anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sickle cell trait is autosomal ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in order to have the sickle cell trait, you have to be ... for the sickle cell gene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sickle cell anemia is a ...-... anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sickle cell anemia is autosomal ... and is a hemolytic/hypoproliferative anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sickle cell anemia results from a point mutation in the ... gene, forming Hb.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there are ... proliferative sickle cell anemia retinopathy stages, which are ... |
|
Definition
5
(i)peripheral arteriolar occlusions
(ii)peripheral AV anastomoses
(iii)"sea-fan" neovascularization
(iv)vitreous hemorrhage
(v)traction or retinal detachment |
|
|
Term
| thalassemia is a ...-... anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the two thalassemias are ... and ..., which ... being the more severe |
|
Definition
beta-thalassemia major
alpha-thalassemia
beta-thalassemia major |
|
|
Term
| ... is an increase in RBC mass, and has ... types, which are ... |
|
Definition
polycythemia
3
(i)relative polycythemia
(ii)primary polycythemia
(iii)secondary polycythemia (the altitude one) |
|
|
Term
| quantitative disorders of leukocyte function are ... and ..., with ... always being abnormal |
|
Definition
leukocytosis
leukopenia
leukopenia |
|
|
Term
| the only qualitative disorder of leukocyte function is ... |
|
Definition
| disruption of cellular function |
|
|
Term
| ... is a malignant disorder of the blood and blood-forming organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| leukemia can either be ... or ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... is fine pin-point bleeds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... is a fancy word for "bruise" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acute leukemia tends to have closer to/further from progenitor cells? |
|
Definition
| closer to, because acute involves the presence of undifferentiated or immature cells |
|
|
Term
| ... is the most common childhood leukemia |
|
Definition
| acute lymphoblastic leukemia |
|
|
Term
| ... is the most common adult leukemia, and is treated with which 2 rounds of chemotherapy? |
|
Definition
acute myelogenous leukemia
(i)induction
(ii)maintenance |
|
|
Term
| in ... leukemias, the predominant cell is mature but does not function normally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 2 types of chronic leukemias are ... and ... |
|
Definition
chronic myelogenous leukemia
chronic lymphocytic leukemia |
|
|
Term
| chronic myelogenous leukemia is treated with ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chronic ... leukemia leads to lymphadenopathy and suppression of ... immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| leukemia shows in the eye as retinal ... and ... |
|
Definition
infiltrates (Roth's spots, cotton-wool spots)
ONH edema |
|
|
Term
| lymphadenopathy can be caused by ... disease, or by endocrine disorders or lipid storage diseases |
|
Definition
| neoplastic (cancer, like lymphoma) |
|
|
Term
| englarged spleen indicates ... disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f hodgkin's lymphoma is painful and tender |
|
Definition
| false, painless and non-tender in neck |
|
|
Term
| hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by ... cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f non-hodgkin's lymphoma is more common than hodgkin's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which lymphoma has no Reed-Sternberg cells and is more likely to affect noncontiguous lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a "fish-flesh" lesion is an ocular manifestation of ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... is the most common malignancy that infiltrates the optic nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... is the most commom primary bone cancer and occurs most frequently in ... people |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... is a malignant proliferation of plasma cells, which can be found as ... in bone marrow or ... |
|
Definition
multiple myeloma
nodular masses
hypogammaglobulinemia |
|
|
Term
| t/f renal failure is common in multiple myeloma, which is treated with ... chemo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hemophilia is ...-linked, and has greatest expression in ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hemophilia is a ... and an cause ... occlusion |
|
Definition
coagulopathy
central retinal artery |
|
|
Term
| DIC is a ... and results in widespread ... and ... occuring at the same time |
|
Definition
coagulopathy
clotting
hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| multiple myeloma is known for ... proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vitamin ... deficiency is a coagulpathy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hemophilia A is a factor ... deficiency, whereas hemophila B is a factor ... deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... x ... = cardiac output |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... - ... = stroke volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the process of delivering blood to a tissue is ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the leading cause of death in CVD is ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LDL filtering into the tunica intima in atherosclerosis is known as ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 5 phases of atherosclerosis are ... |
|
Definition
(i)injury to the intima
(ii)insudation
(iii)oxidation
(iv)foam cell accumulation
(v)fatty streaks gradually transform into fibrous plaques |
|
|
Term
| 70-75% obstruction of the artery is known as ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ischemia of myocardium is ... |
|
Definition
| angina pectoris, if acute is treated with nitroglycerin |
|
|
Term
| ... is known to be "extra-nodal" |
|
Definition
| lymphoma, because it's not always involved in lymph nodes in the eye |
|
|
Term
| with lymphoma, ocular lesions can be ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there are ... types of hemophilia, known as ... and ..., with ... being more common in males |
|
Definition
2
hemophilia A: factor VIII deficiency
hemophilia B; factor IX deficiency
hemo A |
|
|
Term
| treatment of hemophilia involves ... therapy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... is the leading cause of death |
|
Definition
| acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) |
|
|
Term
| the female symptom that differs from men in heart attack is ... |
|
Definition
| shortness of breath, no chest pain |
|
|
Term
| vomiting would be a ... symptom of heart attack |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the elevated blood indicators present in a heart attack are ... |
|
Definition
total creatine kinase
cardiac creatine kinase
cardiac troponin |
|
|
Term
| the occlusion of a major coronary artery would be included in what type of heart attack? |
|
Definition
| transmural, affects complete thickness of heart wall |
|
|
Term
| a ... heart attack means that there is a particularly at-risk area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... is the most important cause of death from MI |
|
Definition
| cardiac dysrhythmia, often reversible |
|
|
Term
| a ventricular failure refers to ... shock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a myocardial rupture is also known as a ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| .... is a delayed pericarditis following cardiac surgering or heart attack |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| angioplasty involves a ..., which dilates and ruptures the atheromatous plaque with intracoronary stents |
|
Definition
| percutaneous coronary intervention |
|
|
Term
| if unbalanced, the electrolyte ... could cause cardiac dysrhythmia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a ... is a regular, elevated rate (rare) |
|
Definition
| flutter, just one area or chamber of the heart |
|
|
Term
| a ... is a sporadic, quivering pattern of heart beat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... fibrillation is lethal, whereas you could live with ... fibrillation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... is the most common reason for hospitalization in patients over 65 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in heart failure, you cannot increase ... as needed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| left-side heart failure involves ... and ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| right-side heart failure involves ... and ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can you have right-side failure without left-side failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the compensatory mechanisms of heart failure are ... |
|
Definition
increase sympathetic
renin stimulation
myocardial hypertrophy |
|
|
Term
| coronary artery disease is a type of ... cardiomyopathy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a non-ischemic cardiomyopathy would be ... |
|
Definition
| dilated cardiomyopathy, could be toxic (alcohol), metabolic, or infectious |
|
|
Term
| ... valve ... is the most common valve disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... is when the valve cannot open completely and puts extra ... work on the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... is when the valve cannot close completely, and puts extra ... work on the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| calcification/aging is a major factor of ... disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mitral valve prolapse is universally present in ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... is elongation of valve and chordae to balloon into the atrium during ... |
|
Definition
mitral valve prolapse
systole |
|
|
Term
| ... is a risk factor for the development of bacterial endocarditis |
|
Definition
| mitral valve prolapse, does central retinal artery/branch retinal artery occlusion, choroidal occlusion |
|
|
Term
| the 2 most common bacteria for infective endocarditis are ... |
|
Definition
streptococcus
staphylococcus |
|
|
Term
| ... develops weeks after group ... streptococcal pharyngitis or scarlet fever, and could lead to chronic valvular disease |
|
Definition
rheumatic heart disease
A
this is a type II hypersensitivity reaction (antibodies) |
|
|
Term
| the ... is the first line of defense against infection and inflammation in the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| uremia is a systemic association of ... disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chronic pericarditis is also called ... pericarditis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... valve ... is the 2nd most common valve disorder, and is brought on by calcification and rheumatic fever |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood pressure is highly ... but closely ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pitting edema is associated with ...-side heart failure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood pressure is taken at the ... artery, and pressure is higher/lower at aorta than downstream vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood pressure has a ... variation, with it being ... at night |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... is a heart rate lowering and elevating mechanism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... is a mechanism unique to BP lowering mechanisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an appetite suppresant is a type of ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f NSAIDs raise blood pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| risk of CVD doubles for every ... increase above 115/75 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... HTN has no underlying disease, a heterogeneous etiology |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a ... is an adrenal tumor that secretes vasoconstrictive hormones in secondary hypertension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary HTN is involved in only ... of cases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| goal BP for normal people is ..., but for patients with heart failure you start with 2 meds if BP is over ... above goal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| regular aerobic exercise reduces ... pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... is a target organ for HTN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| initial signs of hypertensive retinopathy are alterations in ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| retinal arteriolar sclerosis is a sign of ... |
|
Definition
| hypertensive retinopathy, it's copper or silver wiring |
|
|
Term
| acute, or ... HTN can involve cotton-wool spots, flame-shaped hemorrhages, optic nerve head edema and hard exudates in a ... configuration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| our circulatory system is a open/closed circulatory system with no leaks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inadequate tissue perfusion can bring about ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 5 types of shock are ... |
|
Definition
septic
hypovolemic
anaphylactic (type I hypersensitivity)
neurogenic
cardiogenic |
|
|
Term
| hemorrhage is the most common type of ... shock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with septic shock, it's not the infection that kills you; it's the ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in septic shock, the causative organism is a ... that releases a ..., which causes a systemic ... response |
|
Definition
gram (-) bacteria
endotoxin
inflammatory |
|
|
Term
| shock causes a body-wide shift to ... |
|
Definition
anaerobic metabolism
which brings on lactic acidosis, ATP depletion--ion pump dysfunction, edema |
|
|
Term
| the seven stages of cell death are ... |
|
Definition
normal cell
hypoxia/anerobic metabolism begins
ion shift occurs
cell swelling
mitochondrial swelling
intracellular disruption releases lysosomes
cell destruction--leads to tissue death |
|
|
Term
| what is the result of stimulating the renin-angiotensin system during shock? |
|
Definition
increase blood volume
vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| the 3 stages of shock are ... |
|
Definition
compensatory
progressive--fail--BP falls
refractory--death |
|
|
Term
| decreased skin perfusion (pale, blue nail bed) is a sign of compensatory ... shock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prolonged capillary refill is a sign of ... shock |
|
Definition
| progressive, the defense mechanisms are failing |
|
|
Term
| in HTN, reactive oxygen species create an elevated ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the goal of compensatory shock is to maintain ... and ... perfusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inflammatory destruction of the blood vessels is ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vasculitis is classified by the caliber of ... |
|
Definition
| affected vessels, can be primary or secondary (autoimmune) |
|
|
Term
| the blood marker that indicates acute inflammation is ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| steroids and immunosuppression are effective in treating ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| giant cell arteritis is a type of ... vasculitis that can be identified on a patient through ... |
|
Definition
| biopsy of temporal artery |
|
|
Term
| you can get giant cell arteritis in ... and ... vessels, like the ... artery or ... artery |
|
Definition
large, medium
external carotid
ophthalmic |
|
|
Term
| associated with polymyalgia rheumatica, ... has symptoms of scalp tenderness, jaw claudication, and amaurosis fugax |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| granulomatosis with polyangiitis is also known as ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wegener's (granulomatosis with polyangiitis) is found in ... and ... vessels, and targets which organs? |
|
Definition
medium
small
Ears/nose/throat
lungs
kidneys |
|
|
Term
| some symptoms of granulomatosis with polyangiitis are saddle nose, bloody cough, ..., and is a ANCA (..) vasculitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| polyarteritis nodosa is involved in ... and ... vessels, and is a ANCA (..) vasculitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the primary vasculitis ... has characteristic sac-like aneurisms around the kidneys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 2 vasculidities that can have a pseudotumor are ... |
|
Definition
granulomatosis with polyangiitis
polyarteritis nodosa |
|
|
