Term
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Definition
| organisms in/on your body |
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Definition
| there a cost to you and a benefit to the parasite |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Koch's Postulates (experiment) |
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Definition
| i. Experiment: isolate colony, identify org, inject the org into a live animal, disease is reproduced in the new animal, isolate the pathogen from the animal, identify the microbes |
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Term
| Exceptions to Koch's Postulates |
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Definition
| ii. Exceptions: 1.reinfection may not work 2. Different response in diff animals 3. Virus, cell line 4. Obligate intracellular pathogens are difficult to isolate |
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Term
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Definition
1950 mapped the spread of Cholera in London -> infectious agents can travel in H20, fecal/oral
Used stats, personal accounts, history
Epidemiology public health |
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Term
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Definition
| Signs, symptoms, syndromes |
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Term
| How a disease acts in a host/pop |
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Definition
Communicable
Contagious
Noncommunicable |
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Definition
| a fraction of a population that contracts it during a period of time |
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Definition
| the fraction of the population having the disease at a specific time |
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Definition
| Only occasionally (typhoid in US) |
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Definition
| Constantly present (common cold) |
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Definition
| many people acquire in a short time |
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Definition
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Definition
| develops rapidly, lasts short time (influenza) |
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Definition
| develops slowly, less severe, likely to recure long periods (mono |
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Definition
| in between acute and chronic |
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Term
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Definition
| causative agent remains inactive for a long period of time (shingles) |
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Term
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Definition
| pathogen limited to small area of the body (boil) |
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Term
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Definition
| spread throughout the body in blood or lymph (measles) |
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Term
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Definition
| agents of a local infection spread to specific parts of the body (teeth to gums, tonsils) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria replicating in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| presence of toxins in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| presence of viruses in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| acute infection that causes the initial illness |
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Term
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Definition
| opportunistic pathogen after the primary infection has weakened the host |
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Term
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Definition
| no noticeable illness (carrier) |
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Term
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Definition
place where pathogens live
humans
animals
soil
water |
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Term
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Definition
contact: direct, indirect, droplets
vectors: mechanical and biological
vehicle: water air |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| most acute signs/symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| peak point; death if immune responses/meds don't work |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| capabilities of pathogens |
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Definition
i. Maintain a reservoir
ii. Leave a reservoir (transmission route)
iii. Adhere to a host
iv. Invade a host
v. Evade host defenses
vi. Colonize and multiply in the host
vii. Exit the host and return to the reservoir (or infect a new host) |
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Term
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Definition
Glycocalyx (capsule)- very sticky
Pili, fimbriae (attach via receptor)
Protein M (streptococcus): sticky component |
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Term
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Definition
| the infectious dose required to infect 50% of the hosts in the study |
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Term
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Definition
| the lethal dose required to kill 50% of the host in the study |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals or structures produced by the pathogen that cause direct damage to the host |
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Term
| Types of virulence factors |
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Definition
Hyaluronidase: enzyme breaks down hyaluronic acid (tissue cement)(Staphylococcus)
Leukocidins: destroy WBCs (Stapylococcus)
Hemolysins: lyse RBCs (B streptococci)
Coagulases: produce clots to block antibodies (S. aureus)
Streptokinases and kinases: break down fibrin in clots- allow it to invade more tissue
Collagenase: breaks down connective tissue (Clostridium)
IGA proteases: destroy antibodies and evade (Neisseria)
Invasins: use cytoskeleton filaments to make a cage for protection (E.coli, Salmonella)
Toxins: more indirect damage |
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Term
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Definition
i. Exotoxins: produced inside the cell and are secreted outside
1.AB toxins: very specific damage
a.Cytolytic: cells lysis and cell death (diphtheria toxin
b.Neurotoxic (botulinum toxins)
c.Enterotoxic: cause gastroenteritis
2.Membrane disrupting
3.Superantigen: stimulate a large number of immune response reactions, produced by Streptococci & Staphylococci |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Gram negative bacteria produce lipopolysaccharides as part of the out layer of the cell walls. The Lipid A components are called endotoxins. They are cell-bound and released in large numbers only when the cells lyse |
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Term
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Definition
Etiological agent: Stapylococcus aureus
Mode of transmission: direct contact
Treatment: IV antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
i. Etiological agent: Mycobacterium ulceras
Reservoir: water
Mode of transmission: unknown
Treatments: antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
Etiological agent: Chlamydia trachomatis
Mode of transmission: direct contact, fomites (towels), vector (flies)
Treatments: antibiotics, eyelid surgery
Epidemic: 50 countries in Africa, Asia, Middle East |
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Term
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Definition
Etiological agent: Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes
Mode of transmission: direct contact or fomites
Treatment: antibiotic cream or pills |
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Term
| Necrotizing faciitis (skin) |
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Definition
Etiological agent: exotoxins A and B of Streptococcus pyrogenes
Transmission: direct contact
Treatment: antibiotics, excision of damaged tissue, hypobaric chamber |
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Term
| African Trypanosomiasis (nervous system) |
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Definition
Etiological agent: Trypanosoma brucei gambiense & Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Vector: tsetse fly
Transmission: bite of the tsetse fly
Treatment: chemtheraputic drugs
Epidemic: Africa |
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Term
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Definition
Etiological agent: lyssavirus (RNA)
Reservoir: wild animals
Transmission: direct contact (wound)
Treatment: post-exposure prophylaxis
Epidemic: developing countries like Asia and Africa |
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Term
| Botulism (nervous system) |
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Definition
Etiological agent: Clostridum botulinum Toxins A, B, E (neurotoxins)
Reservoir: soil, animals
Transmission: ingestion of contaminated foods or direct contact (wound)
Treatment: Botulinus antitoxin |
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Term
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Definition
Etiological agent: Clostridium tetani (toxins)
Reservoir: soil, animal intestinal tracts, and feces
Transmission: wound contact, animal bites
Treatment: antitoxin, vaccine |
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Term
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Definition
Etiological agent: Poliovirus
Mode of transmission: fecal oral
Treatment: no cure, vaccine
Epidemic: 1940s and 50s |
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Term
| Bacterial endocarditis (cardiovascular) |
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Definition
Etiological agent: anything that causes bacteremia: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Enterococci
Mode of Transmission: direct contact with wound (brushing teeth)
Treatment: antimicrobial therapy or surgery
Epidemic: 2009 Nottingham University Hospital heart valve patients |
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Term
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Definition
Etiological agent: Borrelia burgodorferi
Reservoir: animals
Mode of transmission: direct or fomites or respiratory droplets
Treatment: penicillin and corticosteroid |
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Term
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Definition
Etiological agent: Clostridium perfringens
Reservoir: soil
Transmission: open wound
Treatment: surgery, sterilization, O2 |
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Term
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Definition
Etiological agent: Bacillus anthracis (2 exotoxins)
Reservoir: soil
Transmission: inhalation of spores or direct contact with soil/animals
Treatment: antibiotics, vaccine
Epidemics: 2001 bioterrorism |
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Term
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Definition
Cornyebacterium diphtheriae (exotoxin)
Reservoir: humans/animals
Transmission: respiratory droplets, contaminated drinks
Treatment: vaccines, antitoxin, antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
Etiological agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Reservoir: humans
Transmission: respiratory droplets
Treatment: antibiotics
Epidemic: 2 mill ppl/year |
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Term
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Definition
Etiological agent: Histoplasma capsulatum
Reservoir: fungus that grows in soil
Transmission: inhalation of airborne fungal spores
Treatment: antifungal meds |
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Term
| Whopping cough/ pertussis (resp) |
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Definition
Etiological agent: Bordetella pertussis (cytotoxin)
Transmission: respiratory droplets
Treatment: antibiotics, vaccine
Epidemic: Washington 2012, Cali 2010 |
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Term
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Definition
Etiological agent: Group A Streptococcus pyogenes (exotoxins A, B, C & M protein)
Reservoir: Humans
Transmission: respiratory droplets or direct contact
Treatment: antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
Etiological agent: paramyxovirus of the genus Rubulavirus
Reservoir: humans
Transmission: respiratory droplets
Treatment: vaccine (preventative)
Epidemic: 2006 Midwest college students |
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Term
| Typhoid fever (digestive) |
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Definition
Etiological agent: Salmonella typhi
Reservoir: water
Host: humans
Transmission: fecal oral
Treatment: vaccine (preventative)
Epidemics: 17 mill ppl infected each year |
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Term
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Definition
Etiological agent: Hepatitis C virus
Reservoir: humans
Transmission: blood to blood
Treatment: antivirals
Epidemic: 3.2 million ppl in the US |
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Term
| Gastric ulcers (digestive) |
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Definition
Etiological agent: Helicobacter pylori
Mode of transmission: fecal oral
Epidemic: 90% of population in Brazil |
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Term
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Definition
Etiological agent: Vibrio cholerae (exotoxin A, B)
Mode of transmission: fecal oral
Treatment: rehydration and salt; antibiotics
Outbreaks: Feb 2012 Sierra Leone 18500 cases |
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Term
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Definition
Etiological agent: Treponema pallidum
Mode of transmission: sexual contact
Treatment: penicillin
Epidemic: 10-12 million ww. |
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Term
| Leptospirosis (urogenital) |
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Definition
Etiological agent: Leptospira interrogans
Reservoir: rodents/animals
Mode of transmission: direct contact with soil, water or plants contaminated with urine
Treatment: antibiotics
Epidemics: Caribbean, latin America |
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Term
| Pyelonephritis (urogenital) |
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Definition
Etiological agent: E. coli, Streptococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus
Reservoir: Humans/animals
Portal of entry: Urethral opening
Treatment: antibiotics
Epidemic: neonatal ward in Sweden |
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Term
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Definition
Etiological agent: Candid albicans (toxins)
Transmission: direct contact
Treatment: topical drugs/antifungals/oral meds |
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Term
| Genital herpes (urogenital) |
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Definition
Etiological agent: Herpes simplex virus 1 & 2
Mode of transmission: sexual contact
Reservoir: humans
Treatment: incurable; antivirals
Epidemic: 16.2% adults in US; 65-90% world wide |
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Term
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Definition
| born with; non-specific (ex: skin, barriers); target all non self |
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Term
| Innate immunity: 1st line of defense: physical and chemical |
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Definition
Physical: skin; mucous linings; flushings, cilia; flow of urine; movement of food
Chemical: saliva (lysozyme), skin secretions |
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Term
| Innate immunity second line of defense |
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Definition
Blood: formed elements (cells) and soluble proteins
Formed elements= platelets (clotting; macrophage (phagocytosis); dendritic cells (phaocytosis), granulocytes: eosinophils (allergy), neutrophils (phagocyte), basophil (allergies and worms) |
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Term
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Definition
| differential white blood cell count |
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Term
| Soluble proteins (where are they made, what do they do?) |
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Definition
Made in the liver
(1) Cytolysis
(2) Coating a cell= opsonization
(a) Captures bacteria to enhance phagocytosis
(3) Cascade effect (several proteins act together) |
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Term
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Definition
| cell secretions that help communicate with immune cells |
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Term
| Toll-like receptors; Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) |
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Definition
| (1) Your TLR can recognize LPS (pathogen specific substance) and release cytokines which target the liver and activate acute phase proteins (APP) |
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Term
| acute phase proteins (APP) |
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Definition
| activate phagocytes, migrate MAC, PMNs |
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Term
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Definition
Very rapid, nonspecific
Signs/symptoms: red, swollen, heat, painful, (loss of function) |
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Term
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Definition
| APP are triggered and travel to the site; cytokines and chemicals cause: vasodilation, phagocytosis, repair of tissue |
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Term
| Complement serum proteins |
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Definition
| Opsonization: coating, cytolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells being attacked by viruses release INFs to help protect neighboring cells against infection |
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Term
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Definition
Produced in the liver
(1) Can opsonify
(2) Circulate in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Host has to be exposed to something foreign (be sensitized) before you have a response |
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Term
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Definition
| WBCs derived from a lymphocytic stem cell line |
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Term
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Definition
| in-bone marrow: humoral immunity (circulate in the blood) |
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Term
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Definition
| processed in the Thymus: cell-mediated immunity |
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Term
| MHCs: Major histocompatability markers (on nucleated cells only) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| active; produce proteins called antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
Agglutinate: make a big lattice of bacteria cells and destroy the antigens in the liver
Opsonization (coating)
Antibodies function as a “tag” to stimulate phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
Neutralize toxins via complexing it with antibodies
Integrate w/ cell-mediated (T-cells) |
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Term
| Memory b-cells: Quiescent |
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Definition
| Clones that have been “sensitized” by an antigen but are inactive until it comes in contact with the antigen again |
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Term
| Cell-mediated immunity: T lymphocytes |
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Definition
| Must be presented to the antigen (don’t circulate) by an APC |
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Term
| APC: antigen presenting cell |
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Definition
| Macrophage, dendritic cell (some are neutrophils and B cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| Interleukins; Regulators, Produced Th1 and Th2 |
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Term
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Definition
Secrete IL-2 in order to stimulate both WBCs and self-proliferation
Create active clones and memory clones |
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Term
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Definition
Stimulated by an APC and antigen.
Clones secrete IL 4, 5
Stimulate B cells which produce antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
cytokines, perforins (kill via lysis)
Produce Tc cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Create memory and active clones (secrete the cytotoxins) |
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Term
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Definition
An exaggerated immune response
May come about via too many antibodies, t-cells or antigens |
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Term
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Definition
1913 Nobel Prize in Medicine
TB serum, injected into human, caused anaphylactic shock |
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Term
| Type 1 Hypersensitivity: Anaphylaxis |
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Definition
B-cells and IgE antibodies
Mast cellss (linings/mucous) and basophils (granuols)
Antigens
(a)Pollen: inhale (upper respiratory): localized
(b)Food: eating (systemic)
(c)Bites: systemic |
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Term
| Type 2: Cytotoxic hypersensitivity: Cell Bound |
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Definition
B cells -> IgG and IgM
Involves cell bound antigens ex: those on RBC like RH factors
Eg: transfusion mistake or hemolytic disease |
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Term
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Definition
| mom antigen and baby antigen are different; active=complement proteins (perforins) that kill/lyse developing embryo |
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Term
| Type 3: Immune Complex: Not cell bound |
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Definition
Soluble antigens
B cells-> Ig G and IgM (forms big complexes)
Complement proteins
Disease: Glomerulonephritis (kidneys) |
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Term
| Glomerulonephritis (kidneys) |
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Definition
| Complexes form in the glomerulous : stops filtering and ALERTS an inflammatory response -> release of complement proteins -> WORSE |
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Term
| Type 4: Delayed Type ( 2days- weeks) |
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Definition
T cells (Tc)
Ex: Latex dermatitis (rash)
Poison Oak systemic rash/swelling |
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Term
| Autoimmune Responses (Hypersensitivity) |
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Definition
Loss of self recognition
Response of AB/T cells against own antigens (MHC) |
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Term
| Causes of autoimmune responses |
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Definition
i) Infections: mimicry
ii) Antigen: not exposed to the body (ex: inside of eye)
iii) Hormonal |
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Term
| 4 most common Autoimmune Responses |
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Definition
Myasthenia Gravis: IgG blocks nerve synapses causing paralysis (type 2 or 4)
Rheumatoid arthritis: 2 mill mainly women;IgM and IgG and complement form complexes @ joints; virus infections may be the cause (type 3)
Lupus: 200,000 to 1.5 million AB vs. cell nuclei (type 3)
Insulin dependent diabetes: 1.6 million (Type 4) |
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Term
| Autoimmune disorders/deficiencies |
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Definition
| innate-born with it or acquired- infection, injury, cancer |
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Term
| Phagocyte disorders/deficiencies |
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Definition
Effects
(1) Innate immunity (non-specific)
(2) Acquired- APC
Chediak- Higaski Syndrome (no lysosomes)
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (no H2O2 in macrophages) |
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Term
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Definition
susceptible to viral and intracellular parasites
Addison’s disease: INNATE: Tc and adrenal gland (produces too much cortisol)
Hodgkin’s disease: block T cell action kill APCs (can be acquired via a cancerous tissue attacking lymphoid)
AIDs-ACQUIRED CD4 (Th) destroyed
Di Georges: INNATE: born without a thymus (no T cells)
Juvenile diabetes |
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Term
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Definition
susceptible to bacterial infections, especially skin and respiratory tract
Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia |
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Term
| Combined immunodeficiency |
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Definition
SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency): INNATE: receptors on t cells can’t communicate with WBCs because of mutation at IL2 receptors (cytokine)
(1) T cells can’t grow and divide
(2) NO IMMUNITY |
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Term
| Transplant/graft rejections |
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Definition
MHC’s elicit t-cell response
Autograft: self
Isograft: twin
Allograft: same species
Xenograft: different species |
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Term
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Definition
| study and use of antibodies in lab, clinic |
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Term
| 1975 Jerne, Milstein & Kohler |
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Definition
Goal: immortal B cell that would secrete 1 antibody
Myeloma (cancer cell) + B cell -> hybridoma
If the b cell was pre-exposed to an antigen then the hybridoma= MONOCLONAL AB PRODUCTION (MABs) |
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Term
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Definition
Western blot: electrophorize proteins and use an MAB to target a protein then use an anti-AB to target the original AB plus an enzyme to “mark/color” the AB.
DNA: Southern blot
Home Pregnancy Test: measures gomadotrophin hormone (MAB)
Elisa: enzyme linked immunoassays
If you have antibodies circulating in your body against an antigen, you are Sero + |
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