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Mediation, Moderation, & Measurement
Non-experimental research methods
51
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
02/27/2012

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Cards

Term
When does an interaction effect occur?
Definition
An interaction occurs whenever the effect of a predictor variable on a criterion variable is not constant over all of the values of the other independent variables.
Term
In multiple regression, how are interactions represented?
Definition
interactions are represented by including terms that are products of the predictors (multiplication)
Term
In this equation, what is the interaction?

Y = B0 + B1X1 + B2X2 + B3X1X2 + E
Definition
B3X1X2
The Xs are multiplied together to create a new term
Term
When looking at a graphical depiction, how do you know if there is an interaction effect?
Definition
The lines will not be parallel.
Term
Can you have a significant interaction without significant main effects?
Definition
yes
Term
What does mediation mean?
Definition
Variable X has a relation with variable Y.
When we say that variable M is a mediator, we mean that X has an effect on M, and M in turn has an effect on Y.
M is a mediator: An intermediary, a link in a causal chain.
Term
What does moderation mean?
Definition
Variable V is a moderator of the relation of X to Y
We mean that the form or strength of the relation between X and Y depends on the level of V.
To illustrate, there may be a level of V under which the relation of X with Y is much weaker or even absent.
Term
how is mediation typically tested?
Definition
using multiple regression. p values are examined to see if mediation is present or absent
Term
(ab is the indirect effect in mediation)
if ab = .30 and was computed from standardized coefficients, what does this mean?
Definition
A one standard deviation increase in X yields a .3 standard deviation increase in Y
Term
In mediation, what is the difference between the direct and indirect effects?
Definition
The direct effect is the effect of X on Y.
The indirect effect is the (effect of X on M)(effect of M on Y)
Term
In mediation, what is the total effect?
Definition
Total effect = indirect effect + direct effect
Term
What are the ways of assigning statistical significance to a mediation effect?
Definition
-Four steps procedure
-
Term
What is the four steps procedure? (and name the steps)
Definition
it's a way of assigning statistical significance to a mediation effect
1) show correlation between x&y
2) show correlation between x&m
3) show correlation between m&y
4) test the effect of x on y controlling for m (should be 0)
Term
the four steps procedure is a way of assigning statistical significance to a mediation effect- name the criticisms
Definition
-Not necessary to establish direct effect first (supression can mask effects).
-We are hypothesizing the null by looking for lack of significance of new direct effect.
-Meaningfulness of just examining p values
Term
What is the Sobel test?
Definition
it's a way of assigning statistical significance to a mediation effect
The Sobel test and variants of it perform a statistical test of the product ab.
Term
What are the criticisms of the Sobel test of mediation significance?
Definition
-The sampling distribution is typically not normal (it is positively skewed)
-This violation makes significance tests less accurate
-positive skew makes them less powerful
-generate high levels of type II errors
Term
What is bootstrapping?
Definition
it's a way of assigning statistical significance to a mediation effect. Many new samples are created from the data by randomly selecting cases with replacement, ab is estimated from these.
Term
Which test is consistently the most powerful of all mediation tests (Least susceptible to Type II errors)?
Definition
Bootstrapping
Term
What are the criticisms of bootstrapping?
Definition
There are none!
Term
what is Joint Significance Criterion?
Definition
it's a way of assigning statistical significance to a mediation effect.
in order to infer mediation two conditions have to be met: 1) a must be significant, 2) b must be significant
Term
What is a criticisms of the mediation significance test Joint Significance Criterion?
Definition
JSC does not produce a confidence interval.
Term
What is "Effect Ratio"?
Definition
the ratio of the indirect effect to the total effect. Effect ratio = ab/ab + c The effect ratio is the proportion of the total effect of X on Y that is mediated by M
Term
What would an effect ratio of .65 mean?
(mediation significance testing)
Definition
65% of the effect is mediated by M
Term
What are the limitations of effect ratio?
Definition
Descriptive in nature.
Not interpretable if there is suppression (ratio can be below 0 or above 1)
Term
In measurement, what is scaling?
Definition
represent quantities of attributes numerically
Term
In measurement, what is classification?
Definition
define whether the objects fall in the same or different categories with respect to a given attribute
Term
What are constructs?
Definition
classifications made for scientific purposes. They are conceptual abstractions of phenomena that cannot be directly observed
Term
What are tests/scale/measures?
Definition
An standard instrument to assign meaningful numbers to phenomena
Term
What are the 3 limitations of tests/scales/measures?
Definition
-precision
-accuracy
-utility
Term
What is reliability?
Definition
To what extent do observations reflect true scores? How much of the scores are due to random error?
Term
What is validity?
Definition
How much of the true score is you you think/say it is?
Term
According to classical test theory, how can reliability be represented?
Definition
rxx = T/X
Term
What are the 3 ways of determining reliability?
Definition
1) alternative forms
2) test-retest
3) internal consistency
Term
What is 'alternate forms' and what is a disadvantage?
Definition
alternate forms is a way of determining reliability, and it is labor intensive
Term
What is 'test-retest' and what is one advantage and one disadvantage?
Definition
way of determining reliability
-easy to use
-not useful for unstable measures
Term
What is 'internal consistency method' and what are the two ways of determining it?
Definition
way of determining reliability
-split half
Cronbach's alpha
Term
What are the 4 factors that affect reliability?
Definition
1) test length
2) item-content
3) sample variability
4) situational characteristics
Term
according to classical test theory, how does reliability affect correlations?
Definition
less than perfect reliability reduces correlations
Term
what can be done to stop less than perfect reliability reducing correlations?
Definition
correction for attenuation
Term
What is used to asses validity
Definition
correlations
Term
What is convergent validity?
Definition
whether a test correlates with tests of the same construct
Term
What is discriminant validity?
Definition
whether (or the extent to which) a test correlates with what it should not be measuring
Term
What is criterion validity?
Definition
whether a test correlates with an external standard (e.g., some critical future behaviour)
Term
what is the term for whether a test correlates with tests of the same construct
Definition
convergent validity
Term
what is the term for whether (or the extent to which) a test correlates with what it should not be measuring
Definition
discriminant validity
Term
what is the term for whether a test correlates with an external standard (e.g., some critical future behaviour)
Definition
criterion validity
Term
What does a large T value indicate?
Definition
a large sample and a large correlation?
Term
What are two-way interactions?
Definition
Interactions that involve 2 variables.
Term
If you do not have a normal distribution, which method of determining mediation significance should you use?
Definition
bootstrapping
Term
What is the formula to calculate effect ratio?
Definition
ab/ab+c
Term
What is the formula for the regression equation?
Definition
Y = B0 + B1(X) + B2(Z) + B3(X*Z)
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