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| a governmental or political system, principle, or practice in which individual freedom is held as completely subordinate to the power of the state, which is not constitutionally accountable to the people |
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| expression for a believer in the doctrines of the Holy Roman Catholic and Apostolic Church; it is not a synonym for an Irish nationalist; although most Irish nationalists in Northern Ireland are Catholic. You must however avoid the lazy assumption that all Catholics are nationalists and all nationalists are Catholic. In some cases it is appropriate to use the expression ‘Catholic/nationalist’. The expression 'cultural Catholic' refers to practicing Catholics as well as persons born into the Roman Catholic religion who no longer believe or practice. |
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| a member of an Indo-European people now represented chiefly by the Irish, Gaels, Welsh, and Bretons; speak the Celtic language |
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a variety of trends in the 19th and 20th centuries, which drew on the traditions of Celtic literature and Celtic art
best known incarnation is the Irish Literary Revival (also called the "Celtic Twilight"). Here, Irish writers including William Butler Yeats, Lady Gregory, "AE" Russell, Edward Martyn and Edward Plunkett (AKA Lord Dunsany) stimulated a new appreciation of traditional Irish literature and Irish poetry
In many facets the revival came to represent a reaction to modernisation. This is particularly true in Ireland |
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the control or governing influence of a nation over a dependent country, territory, or people
Also called imperialism |
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to make commercial
to treat (something) inappropriately as if it can be acquired or marketed |
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| the disposition to preserve or restore what is established and traditional and to limit change |
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| a famous or well-known person |
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the learned attitudes, feelings, values, and behaviors that characterize and inform a society
‘One of the two or three most complicated words in the English language’ - Raymond Williams |
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scattering
maximally interpreted, contains more than 80 million people, which is more than thirteen times the population of the island of Ireland itself
Counting those who went to Britain, between 9 and 10 million Irish people emigrated after 1700.
From 1830 to 1914, almost 5 million went to the United States alone.
In 1890 two of every five Irish-born people were living abroad. By the 21st century, an estimated 80 million people worldwide claim some Irish descent; among them are 41 million Americans who claim "Irish" as their primary ethnicity. |
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| the traditions in music, literature, storytelling, etc that are unique to a society and relatively unknown and unpracticed by other societies |
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of, denoting, or relating to the Celtic people of Ireland, Scotland, or the Isle of Man or their language or customs
a Celtic language that includes the speech of ancient Ireland and the dialects that have developed from it |
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nations are gendered in political and popular discourse and constructs the nation as a family
Reasons for gendering Ireland:
- Aisling Tradition: vision poems
- Construction of feminine Celt
- CC and cult of Mary
- Ideology or Rural (nature and fertility)
The constitution of Ireland puts a large emphasis on the importance of the woman |
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| kind, category, or sort, especially of literary or artistic work |
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| the development of an increasingly integrated global economy marked especially by free trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor markets |
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Dominant groups persuade the people to accept its own moral, political and cultural values
The concept assumes a consent given by the majority of a population to a certain direction suggested by those in power
However, this consent is not always peaceful, and may combine physical force or coercion with intellectual, moral and cultural inducement
Can be understood as "common sense", a cultural universe where the dominant ideology is internalized, practiced and spread
Consent has to be constantly won and rewon
The main site for struggle is the media |
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| the reinterpretation of orthodox views on evidence, motivations, and decision-making processes surrounding a historical event |
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| similar to nationalism and imagined community |
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| the integrated assertions, theories and aims that constitute a sociopolitical program |
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often used to describe a national or ethnic group
the title of an influential text on nationalism by Benedict Anderson who defined a nation as an ‘imagined political community’
According to Anderson, there is nothing natural or biological about nationality, nations are made and sustained through culture and ideology
In Ireland, for example, the Celtic revival was not a complete ‘fabrication’. Its success depended to a large degree on its authentic roots as well its ‘invented’ traditions.
the difference between 'us' and 'them' |
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similar to secularization
decline of the prestige and influence of religion as an institution |
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mass produced for mass consumption
not always authentic |
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media that can influence a large audience over a large distance
TV, radio, film, etc |
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a society of people that identify themselves as separate from others, usually regional
'us' versus 'them' |
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| The films that arise as part of popular culture, displaying an aspect of current events and history |
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a sense of national consciousness exalting one nation above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to those of other nations or supranational groups
Not simply based on biology, according to Benedict Anderson, it is an 'imagine community.' This understanding of nationalism is thus an ‘anti-essentialist’ one. |
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| Ireland put a large emphasis on the importance of the Church in everyday life. The Father was an important part of the Irish ideal of 'family.' |
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We all participate:
- Support a national team.
- Vote in a national event (X Factor)
- Watch a funeral on T.V.
- Celebrate a national holiday
- Watch a soap opera
- Visit a national landmark
- Handle money
usually defined in contrast to other conceptual categories – folk culture, mass culture, dominant culture, high culture, working class culture
John Storey examines 6 different approaches:
- It is popular – the quantitative dimension
- Inferior to ‘high’ culture
- mass produced for mass consumption
- ‘authentic’, ‘by the people’
- hegemony
- postmodern culture |
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| the relations between nations and areas they colonized and once ruled |
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The issues addressed by post-colonial theory are about how that past, shaped by the structures of colonialism and the personalities of its agents, lives on and continues to shape the psychology and culture of the nation.
If colonialism was real, then nationalism and resistance to imperialism are legitimated. |
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the spreading of ideas, information, or rumor for the purpose of helping or injuring an institution, a cause, or a person
murals are a common form, they are constantly being changed, over-painted, and destroyed |
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an area in social life where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action
Ireland is very conservative and 'family based' (i.e. abortion still unconstitutional, no smoking in public places, drinking said to be a toxic activity) so little of this exists |
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| The Irish race of today is popularly known as the Milesian Race, because the genuine Irish (Celtic) people were supposed to be descended from Milesius of Spain, whose sons, say the legendary accounts, invaded and possessed themselves of Ireland a thousand years before Christ. |
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an ideology based on the belief that all of Ireland should be an independent republic
The development of nationalist and democratic sentiment throughout Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was reflected in Ireland in the emergence of republicanism, in opposition to British rule
This followed hundreds of years of British conquest and Irish resistance through rebellion and union of the crowns of both countries since 1542.
Reasons for Opposition:
- Discrimination against Catholics
- attempts by a subjugating power to create an impression of inferiority and subdue or eliminate cultural identity
- a feeling that Ireland was economically disadvantaged and subservient within the United Kingdom |
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increased focus on 'this world' rather than the afterlife
privatization of religious practice
shift towards scientific and rational explanations for phenomena |
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a narrow or bigoted person
Since the 16th century there has been sectarian conflict of varying intensity between Roman Catholics and Protestants in Ireland. This religious sectarianism is connected to a degree with nationalism.
Northern Ireland has seen inter-communal conflict for more than four centuries and there are records of religious ministers or clerics, the agents for absentee landlords, aspiring politicians, and members of the landed gentry stirring up and capitalizing on sectarian hatred and violence back as far as the late eighteenth century
William Edward Hartpole Lecky: "If the characteristic mark of a healthy Christianity be to unite its members by a bond of fraternity and love, then there is no country where Christianity has more completely failed than Ireland"
The Troubles |
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the study of signs
in each case there is a material signifier and a mental concept, the signified
APE:
- Signifier = the word on the page/ sound in your ear
- Signified = the mental image/concept
- These mental images are produced through both denotation and connotation.
- The signifier ‘ape’ denotes the hairy animal you see in the zoo.
- However it denotes Irish stereotypes |
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represents an oversimplified opinion, prejudiced attitude, or uncritical judgment
Anti-Irish prejudice and popular stereotypes of the Irish today have their roots in colonial ideologies of racial superiority
Irish Stereotypes
- Ape
- Catholic
- poor
- drunk
- thick
- wild
- sexually threatening |
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| Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) was a secret oath-bound fraternal organisation dedicated to the establishment of an "independent democratic republic" in Ireland during the second half of the 19th century and the start of the 20th century |
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To the Irish: The British
To Catholics: Protestants |
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an ideology that favours the continuation of some form of political union between the islands of Ireland and Great Britain
focused on preserving the place of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom
Unionists are mostly Protestant, while nationalists are mostly Catholic |
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