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Media in a Diverse Society Chapters 1-4
Media in a Diverse Society Professor Juliana Nykolaiszyn Section MC 1143-003 First Exam vocabulary for chapters 1-4
136
Internet/New Media
Undergraduate 1
09/18/2011

Additional Internet/New Media Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Media Literacy
Definition
The ability to understand and make productive use of the media. (P. 5)
Term
Media Criticism
Definition
The analysis used to assess the effects of media on individuals, on societies, and on cultures. (P. 5)
Term
Communication
Definition
The process of human beings sharing messages. (P. 6)
Term
Feedback
Definition
Messages that return from the receiver of a message to the source of that message. (P. 6)
Term
Noise
Definition
Anything that interferes with the communication process. (P. 6)
Term
Basic Model of Human Communication
Definition

Source-->Message-->Channel-->Receiver

^^^Feedback<-----------------------------

 (P. 7 Figure 1.1)

Term
Mediated communication
Definition
Messages conveyed through an interposed device rather than face-to-face. (P. 7)
Term
Medium
Definition
An interposed device used to transmit messages such as a book, magazine, newspaper, radio station, Internet site, cell phone, TV station, etc. (p. 7)
Term
Media
Definition
Plural of medium; includes books, magazines, newspapers, television, radio, internet, cell phones, movies, video games, etc. (P. 7)
Term
Mass communication
Definition
Mediated messages transmitted to large, widespread audiences. (P. 7)
Term
Gatekeepers
Definition
Those who determine what messages will be delivered to media consumers. (P. 8)
Term
Mediated interpersonal communication
Definition
The sharing of personal messages through an interposed device such as a phone call, e-mail, text message, webcam, etc. (P. 10)
Term
Convergence
Definition

The merging of technologies (smartphones have calling, texting, and internet), industries (cable companies have phone, internet, and cable), and content (Facebook combines audio, video, Walls, messages, instant messaging), especially within the realms of computer, telephone, and mass media. (P. 10)

 

Term
Cultural imperialism
Definition
The displacement of a nation's customs with those of another country. (P. 13)
Term
Economics of scale
Definition
Savings that accrue with mass production. Example: Wal-Mart Superstore. (P. 14)
Term
Synergy
Definition
A combination in which the whole is more than the sum of its parts. Example: In 2009 Comcast (cable and internet) merged with NBC Universal (TV programs and movie studios). (P. 15)
Term
Cross-merchandizing
Definition
Promoting a product in one form to sell it in some other form. Example: Movie studios buy publishing houses so that they can sell books and movies and increase sales. (P. 15)
Term
Group ownership
Definition
The acquisition of the same type of business in more than one market area by one company; chain ownership. Example: Gannett Corporation owns 85 daily newspapers and 900 nondaily publications. (P. 15)
Term
Conglomerates
Definition
Large companies that own many different types of businesses. (P. 15)
Term
Vertical integration
Definition
A business model in which a company owns different parts of the same industry. Example: Books>Literary agencies>publishing houses>printers/paper mills>book clubs>bookstores (P. 16-17 see Table 1.1)
Term
Antitrust laws
Definition
Laws that prohibit monopolistic practices in restraint of trade; illegal "to destroy the competition." (P. 16)
Term
Horizontal integration
Definition
Corporate growth through the acquisition of different types of businesses. Example: Books>newspapers/magazines>movies/television>radio>internet (P. 16 see Table 1.2)
Term
Censorship
Definition
Any action that prohibits an act of expression from being made public. (P. 20)
Term
Fourth estate
Definition
The press as an unofficial fourth branch of government. (P. 21)
Term
Adversarial relationship
Definition
A relationship in which two parteis contend with or oppose eachother. Example: in the United States, the media are expected to serve a watchdog role for the government. (P. 21)
Term
Prior restraint
Definition
Prevention of publication by the government; censorship. (P. 24)
Term
First Amendment
Definition
The part of the U.S. Constitution's Bill of Rights that guarantees freedom of speech. (P. 26)
Term
Propaganda
Definition
Information that is spread for the purpose of promoting a doctrine or cause. (P. 31)
Term
Modeling
Definition
The imitation of behavior from media. Example: Bandura's "Bobo doll" experiment (P. 32)
Term
Content analysis
Definition
A research method in which observers systematically analyze media subject matter. Example: counting violent acts within a television program (P. 32)
Term
Laboratory experiment
Definition
Scientific method of isolating and observing variables in a controlled environment. (P. 32)
Term
Survey methods
Definition
Research methods that rely on questionnares to collect research data. (P. 32)
Term
Random sampling
Definition
Method that ensures that every member of the population being studied has an equal chance of being chosen. Example: People's Choice study in Erie County, Ohio, where 1/4 houses were chosen to be surveyed during the 1940 presidential election. (P. 33)
Term
Selective exposure
Definition
Process by which people seek out messages that are consistent with their attitudes; selective attention. Example: Republicans avoid messages that support Obama by watching FOX while Democrats seek it out by watching CNN (P. 33)
Term
Selective perception
Definition
Process by which people with different attitudes interpret the same messages differently. Example: Republicans could hear Obama's speech and interpret it as incompetence while Democrats would interpret it as evidence of his integrity (P. 33)
Term
Selective retention
Definition
Process by which people with different views remember the same event differently; selective recall. Example: Republicans may forget an inspiring Obama speech while Democrats would burn it into their memory (P. 33)
Term
Opinion leaders
Definition
Well-informed people who help others interpret media messages. (P. 34)
Term
Two-step flow
Definition
Communication process in which media effects travel through opinion leaders. Example: Media-->opinion leaders-->rest of population (P. 34)
Term
Applied research
Definition
Media investigations devoted to practical commercial purposes. Example: radio and television ratings (P. 35)
Term
Desensitization
Definition
A process by which viewers of media violence develop callousness or emotional neutrality in the face ofa real-life act of violence. (P. 38)
Term
Theory
Definition
A set of related statements that seek to explain and predict behavior. (P. 39)
Term
Powerful-effects model
Definition
Model that predicts that media will have swift and potent influence. (P. 39)
Term
Minimal-effects model
Definition
Model that predicts that media will have little influence on behavior. (P. 39)
Term
Mixed-effects model
Definition
Model that predicts that media can have a combination of influences. (P. 39)
Term
Flow theories
Definition
Explanations of the way effects travel from the mass media to their audiences. Example: bullet theory (media>audience) vs. two-step flow (media>opinion leader>audience) (P. 39-41 see Figure 2.1)
Term
Bullet theory
Definition
Theory that implies that media effects flow directly from the media to an individual. (P. 39)
Term
Multistep flow
Definition
A complex interaction of media effects. Example: Media>friends, family, social institutions, opinion leaders>audience (P. 40-41 see Figure 2.1)
Term
Social learning theory
Definition
Theory that people learn by observing others; modeling theory. (P. 42)
Term
Socialization
Definition
Process by which children learn the expectations, norms, and values of society. (P. 43)
Term
Individual differences theory
Definition
Theory that predicts that people with different characteristics will be affected in different ways by the mass media. (P. 43)
Term
Diffusion of innovations theory
Definition
Theory that different types of people will adopt new ideas at different times. Example: Innovators>Early adapters>Early majority>Late majority>Laggards (P. 43)
Term
Cultivation theory
Definition
Theory by George Gerbner that the media shape how people view the world. Example: Mean World Syndrome (P. 43)
Term
Agenda-setting theory
Definition
Theory that predicts that the amount of attention given to an issue in the media affects the level of importance assigned to it by the public. (P. 44)
Term
Cumulative effects theory
Definition
Theory that media have profound effects over time through redundancy. (P. 44)
Term
Uses and gratifications theory
Definition
Theory that looks at the ways media consumers choose media to meet their needs. "What do people do with media?" (P. 44)
Term
Gender studies
Definition
Research that looks at how the media deal with male and female roles. (P. 45)
Term
Political/economic analysis
Definition
Theory that predicts that a culture's exchange system will influence its values Example: philosopher Karl Marx believed the U.S. encourages capitalism thus encouraging materialistic views and lust for money. (P. 46)
Term
Third-person effect
Definition
The belief that media affects other people more than yourself. (P. 49)
Term
Catharsis theory
Definition
The idea that viewing violence actually reduces violent behavior. (P. 51)
Term
Correlation
Definition
A situation in which two things occur at the same time, or in close succession, more often than chance would lead you to expect. (P. 52)
Term
Papyrus
Definition
A type of reed along the Nile River used to make an early form of paper in Egypt around 3000 BC. (P. 59)
Term
Parchment
Definition
An early form of paper made from animal skins. (P. 59)
Term
Codex
Definition
A book written on parchment pages that were cut and bound on one side. Developed by the Romans in the first century AD, the codex was the first book to resemble today's familiar form. (P. 59)
Term
Johannes Gutenberg
Definition
German inventor of the movable metal type sparking a printing revolution. (P. 59)
Term
Block-cutting
Definition
Asian printing technique in which carved wooden blocks, called woodcuts, were inked and then pressed onto rice paper. (P. 59)
Term
Technological determinism
Definition
Theory that states that the introduction of new technology changes society, sometimes in unexpected ways. Example: printing led shift from oral culture to literate culture (P. 60)
Term
Oral culture
Definition
A culture in which information is transmitted more by speech than writing. (P. 60)
Term
Chapbook
Definition
Inexpensive early form of paperback containing mostly stories to be read for pleasure. Bay Psalm Book produced by the first colonial press in 1638 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, at Harvard College. (P. 61)
Term
Rag content
Definition
Proportion of cotton or linen fiber in high-quality paper. (P. 61)
Term
Dime novels
Definition
Inexpensive fiction, popular in the 1860s, that sold for 10 cents; also called pulp novels. Led to Copyright Act of 1891 which made pirating illegal. (P. 62)
Term
Public domain
Definition
The realm of embracing works on which the copyright has expired. (P. 63)
Term
Trade paperback
Definition
A quality paperback book with a larger trim size than the standard mass-market paperback. Introduced in 1970s and make up majority of paperbacks sold in the U.S. today. (P. 65)
Term
Audiobooks
Definition
Books recorded on tape or some other medium. (P. 66)
Term
E-books
Definition
Books that exist as digital files. (P. 67)
Term
Trade books
Definition
Fiction and nonfiction books sold to the general public. (P. 68)
Term

Educational books

 

Reference books

 

Professional books

Definition

Texts for all levels of schools

 

Collections of facts and info for general research

 

Specific to occupations (law, medical, etc.)

Term
On spec
Definition
On speculation; in the publishing industry, finishing a work withought a commitment from a publisher usually by first-time novelists to prove their capabilities. (P. 71)
Term

Royalties

Definition
The author's share of the net amount of a work's revenues. (P. 73)
Term
Acquisition editor
Definition
An editor who obtains books to be published. (P. 73)
Term
Developmental editor
Definition
An editor who works directly with the author during the writing of a book, going over each chapter and suggesting major revisions. (P. 74)
Term
Copy editor
Definition
An editor who publishes a manuscript line by line and prepares it for typesetting. (P. 74)
Term
Genre
Definition
Type of writing such as romance or mystery. (P. 74)
Term
University press
Definition

A publisher that is affiliated with an institution of higher education and that publishes mostly academic books, especially original research by college professors. (P. 75)

Term
Small press
Definition
A publisher with few employees and minimal facilities. Many small presses try to publish serious books, especially poetry and avant-garde fiction. (P. 75)
Term
Vanity press
Definition
A publisher that requires its authors to pay the full cost of producing their own books. (P. 75)
Term
Online publisher
Definition
One that provides "supported self-publishing" through a Web site. (P. 75)
Term
Blurb
Definition
Brief laudatory comments that can be placed on the cover of a book. Example: "One of the most significant books ever published" (P. 76)
Term
Megastores
Definition
Large bookstores that feature around 100,000 book titles and offer various amenities such as coffee bars and live readings. Example: Barnes and Noble (P. 77)
Term
Independent bookstores
Definition
Booksellers not owned by a chain and not part of a larger company, often specializing in a particular type of book. (P. 77)
Term
Bibliophiles
Definition
Book lovers; heavy readers. (P. 79)
Term
Casual readers
Definition
Those who enjoy reading but find the time to read only a few books a year. (P. 79)
Term
Required readers
Definition
Those who read only what they have to for their jobs or studies. (P. 79)
Term
Illiterates
Definition
Those who can't read because they never learned. (P. 79)
Term
Aliterates
Definition
Those who are able to read but do not. (P. 79)
Term
Blockbuster
Definition
All types of huge events, especially in terms of media products. (P. 82)
Term
Midlist authors
Definition
Authors who don't make it to the best-seller lists but still have respectable sales. (P. 82)
Term
Publick Occurrences both Forreign and Domestick
Definition
First newspaper in America published in Boston in 1690 by Benjamin Harris. (P. 89-90)
Term
Seditious libel laws
Definition
Laws established in colonial America that made it illegal to criticize government. (P. 90)
Term
Mercantile press
Definition
Newspapers that provided news of business and shipping in colonial America. (P. 91)
Term
Federalist Papers
Definition
Essays that explained the new federal government to early Americans. (P. 92)
Term
Partisan press
Definition
Newspapers owned or supported by political parties. (P. 92)
Term
Editorial page
Definition
Section of newspaper reserved for statements representing the opinion of the newspaper. (P. 92)
Term
Hard news
Definition
Stories about current events that have impact on people's lives; first page news. (P. 92)
Term
Feature news
Definition
Stories directed toward human interest and curiosity; soft news. (P. 92)
Term
Penny press
Definition
Inexpensive, advertiser-supported newspapers founded by Benjamin Day with his paper, New York Sun in the 1833. Led to the creation of the news hole. (P. 92)
Term
Newsprint
Definition
Inexpensive paper used for newspapers. (P. 92)
Term
News hole
Definition
Total amount of space in a newspaper that can be devoted to editorial content versus advertising. (P. 92)
Term
Sensationalism
Definition
Use of exaggeration and lurid elements to produce a startling effect. (P. 92)
Term
Objectivity
Definition
Writing style that separates fact from opinion. (P. 92)
Term
Byline
Definition
A line at the beginning of a news story giving the author's name. Established during the Civil War so the Union Army could see where reporters had received their information. (P. 93)
Term
Inverted pyramid
Definition
News style that packs the most important information into the first paragraph. Example: Most important info>supporting data and examples>least important info (P. 93)
Term
Yellow journalism
Definition
A style of reporting characterized by unprecedented sensationalism; it reached its peak in the Hearst-Pulitzer circulation wars of the 1890s accused of encouraging the Spanish-American War of 1898. (P. 94)
Term
Investigative journalism
Definition
Reporting that uncovers information that sources have to conceal. (P. 95)
Term
Tabloids
Definition
Newspapers characterized by a smaller size than a standard newspaper; a single fold, and abundant photographs. Example: National Enquirer (P. 96)
Term
Chain
Definition
One company that owns the same type of business in more than one market area. (P. 96)
Term
The Canons of Journalism (formed by the American Society of Newspapers Editors in 1923)
Definition
In reaction to the tabloid press the American Society of Newspaper Editors adopted an ethical code stressing 1) Responsibility 2) Freedom of the press 3) Independence 4) Truthfulness 5) Impartiality 6) Fair play 7) Decency (P. 96)
Term
Shoppers
Definition
Free-distribution newspapers consisting mostly of ads. (P. 104)
Term
Organizational papers
Definition
Newspapers published as part of an organization's communication with members. Example: A company's weekly newletter to its employers (P. 104)
Term
Alternative press
Definition
Publications that provide a different viewpoint on the news, usually one that is politically radical or otherwise out of the mainstream. (P. 104)
Term
Underground press
Definition
Alternative newspapers of the 1960s and 1970s that passionately criticized cultural and political norms. (P. 104)
Term
Ethnic press
Definition
Part of the newspaper industry aimed at particular cultural groups; ~13%. (P. 105)
Term
Publisher (in print industries)
Definition
The person who runs an individual company and acts as its chief representative. (P. 105)
Term
Op-ed page
Definition
Section of the newspaper "opposite the editorial page" reserved for signed columns, opinion pieces, and guest editorials. (P. 106)
Term
General assignment reporters
Definition
Journalists who can find and write stories in any area. (P. 108)
Term
Beat reporters
Definition
Journalists who find and write stories in a specialized area. (P. 108)
Term
Photo-offset printing
Definition
Technique in which a photo negative transfers ink onto paper. (P. 108)
Term
Circulation department
Definition
The division of a print media company that manages distribution and sales. (P. 108)
Term
Feature syndicates
Definition
Brokers for newspaper entertainment and specialty items. Example: comic strips, horoscopes, and crossword puzzles (P. 108)
Term
Audit Bureau of Circulations
Definition
An association that verifies newspaper and magazine distribution. (P. 108)
Term
Public journalism
Definition
Reporting that becomes involved in, rather than just covers, community issues. Example: Channel 2 News "Works for You" (P. 110)
Term
Payne Fund Studies
Definition
1929, first large-scale investigation into effects of media. 13 investigations on movie influence on the behavior of children. Found most movies dealt with crime, sex, and love. Said movies had swift and potent influences on children; powerful-effect model. (P. 32)
Term
People's Choice study
Definition
1940 examination of how media affected voter behavior in presidential election between Roosevelt and Willkie. Every 4th house chosen in Erie County, Ohio was studied for 6 months. Found the effect of media varied depending on several psychological factors: selective exposure, perception, and retention. (P. 33)
Term
"Why We Fight" WWII films
Definition
1942 films by movie director Frank Capra commissioned by chief of staff of the U.S. Army General George C. Marshall to train army recruits. Found media had little influence on behavior, minimal-effects model, but had a greater effect on changing the opinions of lower educated soldiers. (P. 34-35)
Term
National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence
Definition
100% increase in crime during the 1960s urged President Lyndon Johnson to appoint NCCPV. These studies showed modeling as a short term effect of violence in media and desensitization to be a long term effect. (P. 38)
Term
John Peter Zenger
Definition
New York Weekly reporter put on trial for seditious libel in 1735 for pointing out the failures of royal governor William Cosby. Jury agreed that newspapers had the right to publish the truth about government actions leading to the idea of the First Amendment in 1791. (P. 90)
Term
National Dailies (major 4)
Definition
USA Today, Wall Street Journal, New York Times, Christian Science Monitor (P. 100)
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