Term
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Definition
| The ability to understand and make productive use of the media. (P. 5) |
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Term
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Definition
| The analysis used to assess the effects of media on individuals, on societies, and on cultures. (P. 5) |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of human beings sharing messages. (P. 6) |
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Term
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Definition
| Messages that return from the receiver of a message to the source of that message. (P. 6) |
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Term
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Definition
| Anything that interferes with the communication process. (P. 6) |
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Term
| Basic Model of Human Communication |
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Definition
Source-->Message-->Channel-->Receiver
^^^Feedback<-----------------------------
(P. 7 Figure 1.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| Messages conveyed through an interposed device rather than face-to-face. (P. 7) |
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Term
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Definition
| An interposed device used to transmit messages such as a book, magazine, newspaper, radio station, Internet site, cell phone, TV station, etc. (p. 7) |
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Term
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Definition
| Plural of medium; includes books, magazines, newspapers, television, radio, internet, cell phones, movies, video games, etc. (P. 7) |
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Term
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Definition
| Mediated messages transmitted to large, widespread audiences. (P. 7) |
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Term
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Definition
| Those who determine what messages will be delivered to media consumers. (P. 8) |
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Term
| Mediated interpersonal communication |
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Definition
| The sharing of personal messages through an interposed device such as a phone call, e-mail, text message, webcam, etc. (P. 10) |
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Term
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Definition
The merging of technologies (smartphones have calling, texting, and internet), industries (cable companies have phone, internet, and cable), and content (Facebook combines audio, video, Walls, messages, instant messaging), especially within the realms of computer, telephone, and mass media. (P. 10)
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Term
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Definition
| The displacement of a nation's customs with those of another country. (P. 13) |
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Term
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Definition
| Savings that accrue with mass production. Example: Wal-Mart Superstore. (P. 14) |
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Term
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Definition
| A combination in which the whole is more than the sum of its parts. Example: In 2009 Comcast (cable and internet) merged with NBC Universal (TV programs and movie studios). (P. 15) |
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Term
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Definition
| Promoting a product in one form to sell it in some other form. Example: Movie studios buy publishing houses so that they can sell books and movies and increase sales. (P. 15) |
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Term
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Definition
| The acquisition of the same type of business in more than one market area by one company; chain ownership. Example: Gannett Corporation owns 85 daily newspapers and 900 nondaily publications. (P. 15) |
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Term
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Definition
| Large companies that own many different types of businesses. (P. 15) |
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Term
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Definition
| A business model in which a company owns different parts of the same industry. Example: Books>Literary agencies>publishing houses>printers/paper mills>book clubs>bookstores (P. 16-17 see Table 1.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| Laws that prohibit monopolistic practices in restraint of trade; illegal "to destroy the competition." (P. 16) |
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Term
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Definition
| Corporate growth through the acquisition of different types of businesses. Example: Books>newspapers/magazines>movies/television>radio>internet (P. 16 see Table 1.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| Any action that prohibits an act of expression from being made public. (P. 20) |
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Term
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Definition
| The press as an unofficial fourth branch of government. (P. 21) |
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Term
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Definition
| A relationship in which two parteis contend with or oppose eachother. Example: in the United States, the media are expected to serve a watchdog role for the government. (P. 21) |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevention of publication by the government; censorship. (P. 24) |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the U.S. Constitution's Bill of Rights that guarantees freedom of speech. (P. 26) |
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Term
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Definition
| Information that is spread for the purpose of promoting a doctrine or cause. (P. 31) |
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Term
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Definition
| The imitation of behavior from media. Example: Bandura's "Bobo doll" experiment (P. 32) |
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Term
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Definition
| A research method in which observers systematically analyze media subject matter. Example: counting violent acts within a television program (P. 32) |
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Term
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Definition
| Scientific method of isolating and observing variables in a controlled environment. (P. 32) |
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Term
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Definition
| Research methods that rely on questionnares to collect research data. (P. 32) |
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Term
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Definition
| Method that ensures that every member of the population being studied has an equal chance of being chosen. Example: People's Choice study in Erie County, Ohio, where 1/4 houses were chosen to be surveyed during the 1940 presidential election. (P. 33) |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which people seek out messages that are consistent with their attitudes; selective attention. Example: Republicans avoid messages that support Obama by watching FOX while Democrats seek it out by watching CNN (P. 33) |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which people with different attitudes interpret the same messages differently. Example: Republicans could hear Obama's speech and interpret it as incompetence while Democrats would interpret it as evidence of his integrity (P. 33) |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which people with different views remember the same event differently; selective recall. Example: Republicans may forget an inspiring Obama speech while Democrats would burn it into their memory (P. 33) |
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Term
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Definition
| Well-informed people who help others interpret media messages. (P. 34) |
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Term
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Definition
| Communication process in which media effects travel through opinion leaders. Example: Media-->opinion leaders-->rest of population (P. 34) |
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Term
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Definition
| Media investigations devoted to practical commercial purposes. Example: radio and television ratings (P. 35) |
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Term
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Definition
| A process by which viewers of media violence develop callousness or emotional neutrality in the face ofa real-life act of violence. (P. 38) |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of related statements that seek to explain and predict behavior. (P. 39) |
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Term
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Definition
| Model that predicts that media will have swift and potent influence. (P. 39) |
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Term
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Definition
| Model that predicts that media will have little influence on behavior. (P. 39) |
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Term
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Definition
| Model that predicts that media can have a combination of influences. (P. 39) |
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Term
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Definition
| Explanations of the way effects travel from the mass media to their audiences. Example: bullet theory (media>audience) vs. two-step flow (media>opinion leader>audience) (P. 39-41 see Figure 2.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory that implies that media effects flow directly from the media to an individual. (P. 39) |
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Term
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Definition
| A complex interaction of media effects. Example: Media>friends, family, social institutions, opinion leaders>audience (P. 40-41 see Figure 2.1) |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory that people learn by observing others; modeling theory. (P. 42) |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which children learn the expectations, norms, and values of society. (P. 43) |
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Term
| Individual differences theory |
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Definition
| Theory that predicts that people with different characteristics will be affected in different ways by the mass media. (P. 43) |
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Term
| Diffusion of innovations theory |
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Definition
| Theory that different types of people will adopt new ideas at different times. Example: Innovators>Early adapters>Early majority>Late majority>Laggards (P. 43) |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory by George Gerbner that the media shape how people view the world. Example: Mean World Syndrome (P. 43) |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory that predicts that the amount of attention given to an issue in the media affects the level of importance assigned to it by the public. (P. 44) |
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Term
| Cumulative effects theory |
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Definition
| Theory that media have profound effects over time through redundancy. (P. 44) |
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Term
| Uses and gratifications theory |
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Definition
| Theory that looks at the ways media consumers choose media to meet their needs. "What do people do with media?" (P. 44) |
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Term
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Definition
| Research that looks at how the media deal with male and female roles. (P. 45) |
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Term
| Political/economic analysis |
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Definition
| Theory that predicts that a culture's exchange system will influence its values Example: philosopher Karl Marx believed the U.S. encourages capitalism thus encouraging materialistic views and lust for money. (P. 46) |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that media affects other people more than yourself. (P. 49) |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that viewing violence actually reduces violent behavior. (P. 51) |
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Term
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Definition
| A situation in which two things occur at the same time, or in close succession, more often than chance would lead you to expect. (P. 52) |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of reed along the Nile River used to make an early form of paper in Egypt around 3000 BC. (P. 59) |
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Term
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Definition
| An early form of paper made from animal skins. (P. 59) |
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Term
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Definition
| A book written on parchment pages that were cut and bound on one side. Developed by the Romans in the first century AD, the codex was the first book to resemble today's familiar form. (P. 59) |
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Term
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Definition
| German inventor of the movable metal type sparking a printing revolution. (P. 59) |
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Term
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Definition
| Asian printing technique in which carved wooden blocks, called woodcuts, were inked and then pressed onto rice paper. (P. 59) |
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Term
| Technological determinism |
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Definition
| Theory that states that the introduction of new technology changes society, sometimes in unexpected ways. Example: printing led shift from oral culture to literate culture (P. 60) |
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Term
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Definition
| A culture in which information is transmitted more by speech than writing. (P. 60) |
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Term
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Definition
| Inexpensive early form of paperback containing mostly stories to be read for pleasure. Bay Psalm Book produced by the first colonial press in 1638 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, at Harvard College. (P. 61) |
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Term
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Definition
| Proportion of cotton or linen fiber in high-quality paper. (P. 61) |
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Term
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Definition
| Inexpensive fiction, popular in the 1860s, that sold for 10 cents; also called pulp novels. Led to Copyright Act of 1891 which made pirating illegal. (P. 62) |
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Term
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Definition
| The realm of embracing works on which the copyright has expired. (P. 63) |
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Term
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Definition
| A quality paperback book with a larger trim size than the standard mass-market paperback. Introduced in 1970s and make up majority of paperbacks sold in the U.S. today. (P. 65) |
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Term
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Definition
| Books recorded on tape or some other medium. (P. 66) |
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Term
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Definition
| Books that exist as digital files. (P. 67) |
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Term
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Definition
| Fiction and nonfiction books sold to the general public. (P. 68) |
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Term
Educational books
Reference books
Professional books |
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Definition
Texts for all levels of schools
Collections of facts and info for general research
Specific to occupations (law, medical, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| On speculation; in the publishing industry, finishing a work withought a commitment from a publisher usually by first-time novelists to prove their capabilities. (P. 71) |
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Term
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Definition
| The author's share of the net amount of a work's revenues. (P. 73) |
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Term
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Definition
| An editor who obtains books to be published. (P. 73) |
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Term
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Definition
| An editor who works directly with the author during the writing of a book, going over each chapter and suggesting major revisions. (P. 74) |
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Term
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Definition
| An editor who publishes a manuscript line by line and prepares it for typesetting. (P. 74) |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of writing such as romance or mystery. (P. 74) |
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Term
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Definition
A publisher that is affiliated with an institution of higher education and that publishes mostly academic books, especially original research by college professors. (P. 75) |
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Term
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Definition
| A publisher with few employees and minimal facilities. Many small presses try to publish serious books, especially poetry and avant-garde fiction. (P. 75) |
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Term
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Definition
| A publisher that requires its authors to pay the full cost of producing their own books. (P. 75) |
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Term
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Definition
| One that provides "supported self-publishing" through a Web site. (P. 75) |
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Term
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Definition
| Brief laudatory comments that can be placed on the cover of a book. Example: "One of the most significant books ever published" (P. 76) |
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Term
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Definition
| Large bookstores that feature around 100,000 book titles and offer various amenities such as coffee bars and live readings. Example: Barnes and Noble (P. 77) |
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Term
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Definition
| Booksellers not owned by a chain and not part of a larger company, often specializing in a particular type of book. (P. 77) |
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Term
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Definition
| Book lovers; heavy readers. (P. 79) |
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Term
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Definition
| Those who enjoy reading but find the time to read only a few books a year. (P. 79) |
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Term
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Definition
| Those who read only what they have to for their jobs or studies. (P. 79) |
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Term
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Definition
| Those who can't read because they never learned. (P. 79) |
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Term
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Definition
| Those who are able to read but do not. (P. 79) |
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Term
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Definition
| All types of huge events, especially in terms of media products. (P. 82) |
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Term
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Definition
| Authors who don't make it to the best-seller lists but still have respectable sales. (P. 82) |
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Term
| Publick Occurrences both Forreign and Domestick |
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Definition
| First newspaper in America published in Boston in 1690 by Benjamin Harris. (P. 89-90) |
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Term
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Definition
| Laws established in colonial America that made it illegal to criticize government. (P. 90) |
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Term
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Definition
| Newspapers that provided news of business and shipping in colonial America. (P. 91) |
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Term
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Definition
| Essays that explained the new federal government to early Americans. (P. 92) |
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Term
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Definition
| Newspapers owned or supported by political parties. (P. 92) |
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Term
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Definition
| Section of newspaper reserved for statements representing the opinion of the newspaper. (P. 92) |
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Term
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Definition
| Stories about current events that have impact on people's lives; first page news. (P. 92) |
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Term
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Definition
| Stories directed toward human interest and curiosity; soft news. (P. 92) |
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Term
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Definition
| Inexpensive, advertiser-supported newspapers founded by Benjamin Day with his paper, New York Sun in the 1833. Led to the creation of the news hole. (P. 92) |
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Term
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Definition
| Inexpensive paper used for newspapers. (P. 92) |
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Term
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Definition
| Total amount of space in a newspaper that can be devoted to editorial content versus advertising. (P. 92) |
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Term
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Definition
| Use of exaggeration and lurid elements to produce a startling effect. (P. 92) |
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Term
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Definition
| Writing style that separates fact from opinion. (P. 92) |
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Term
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Definition
| A line at the beginning of a news story giving the author's name. Established during the Civil War so the Union Army could see where reporters had received their information. (P. 93) |
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Term
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Definition
| News style that packs the most important information into the first paragraph. Example: Most important info>supporting data and examples>least important info (P. 93) |
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Term
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Definition
| A style of reporting characterized by unprecedented sensationalism; it reached its peak in the Hearst-Pulitzer circulation wars of the 1890s accused of encouraging the Spanish-American War of 1898. (P. 94) |
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Term
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Definition
| Reporting that uncovers information that sources have to conceal. (P. 95) |
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Term
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Definition
| Newspapers characterized by a smaller size than a standard newspaper; a single fold, and abundant photographs. Example: National Enquirer (P. 96) |
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Term
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Definition
| One company that owns the same type of business in more than one market area. (P. 96) |
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Term
| The Canons of Journalism (formed by the American Society of Newspapers Editors in 1923) |
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Definition
| In reaction to the tabloid press the American Society of Newspaper Editors adopted an ethical code stressing 1) Responsibility 2) Freedom of the press 3) Independence 4) Truthfulness 5) Impartiality 6) Fair play 7) Decency (P. 96) |
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Term
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Definition
| Free-distribution newspapers consisting mostly of ads. (P. 104) |
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Term
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Definition
| Newspapers published as part of an organization's communication with members. Example: A company's weekly newletter to its employers (P. 104) |
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Term
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Definition
| Publications that provide a different viewpoint on the news, usually one that is politically radical or otherwise out of the mainstream. (P. 104) |
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Term
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Definition
| Alternative newspapers of the 1960s and 1970s that passionately criticized cultural and political norms. (P. 104) |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the newspaper industry aimed at particular cultural groups; ~13%. (P. 105) |
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Term
| Publisher (in print industries) |
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Definition
| The person who runs an individual company and acts as its chief representative. (P. 105) |
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Term
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Definition
| Section of the newspaper "opposite the editorial page" reserved for signed columns, opinion pieces, and guest editorials. (P. 106) |
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Term
| General assignment reporters |
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Definition
| Journalists who can find and write stories in any area. (P. 108) |
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Term
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Definition
| Journalists who find and write stories in a specialized area. (P. 108) |
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Term
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Definition
| Technique in which a photo negative transfers ink onto paper. (P. 108) |
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Term
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Definition
| The division of a print media company that manages distribution and sales. (P. 108) |
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Term
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Definition
| Brokers for newspaper entertainment and specialty items. Example: comic strips, horoscopes, and crossword puzzles (P. 108) |
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Term
| Audit Bureau of Circulations |
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Definition
| An association that verifies newspaper and magazine distribution. (P. 108) |
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Term
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Definition
| Reporting that becomes involved in, rather than just covers, community issues. Example: Channel 2 News "Works for You" (P. 110) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1929, first large-scale investigation into effects of media. 13 investigations on movie influence on the behavior of children. Found most movies dealt with crime, sex, and love. Said movies had swift and potent influences on children; powerful-effect model. (P. 32) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1940 examination of how media affected voter behavior in presidential election between Roosevelt and Willkie. Every 4th house chosen in Erie County, Ohio was studied for 6 months. Found the effect of media varied depending on several psychological factors: selective exposure, perception, and retention. (P. 33) |
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Term
| "Why We Fight" WWII films |
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Definition
| 1942 films by movie director Frank Capra commissioned by chief of staff of the U.S. Army General George C. Marshall to train army recruits. Found media had little influence on behavior, minimal-effects model, but had a greater effect on changing the opinions of lower educated soldiers. (P. 34-35) |
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Term
| National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence |
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Definition
| 100% increase in crime during the 1960s urged President Lyndon Johnson to appoint NCCPV. These studies showed modeling as a short term effect of violence in media and desensitization to be a long term effect. (P. 38) |
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Term
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Definition
| New York Weekly reporter put on trial for seditious libel in 1735 for pointing out the failures of royal governor William Cosby. Jury agreed that newspapers had the right to publish the truth about government actions leading to the idea of the First Amendment in 1791. (P. 90) |
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Term
| National Dailies (major 4) |
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Definition
USA Today, Wall Street Journal, New York Times, Christian Science Monitor (P. 100)
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