communications directed at a large heterogeneous and anonymous audience.

However, nothings anonymous anymore; everything is much more niche.  Media reaches targeted audiences now.

Media

singular: medium

Media is an intermediary that frames and packages information and entertainment for us.  It used to be a one way street, but now we're interacting back.  Media frames how we represent ourselves and helps society identify it's values.  Media binds people into nationhood, communities, and now with the internet, very niche groups of people who share our interests.

Primary Goal: To Make Money.

Secondary Goal: To inform the masses and send out information

Printing Press

Cut the time it took to create literature.  Lead to commercial printing.

Rise of Newspapers

(Relatively Local)

Magazines

In depth coverage, stories by great authors, reproduced works of art

Invention of National Railway System

Enabled us to deliever mail on regular basis

Ability to spread news across the country; national media coverage

Development of the Telegraph

Virtually instant communication

Frist time communication was electrified and sepaated from physical transportaiton

One to one form of communication

Telephone

One to one form of communication

Dramatic Growth:

Movies

Virtually every home had a radio

(which brought entertainment, news, controversy and advertising)

Television:

Live broadcasts provided instant unity

(we all saw the same shows, news stories, etc.)

Internet:

Started in the US Government

Cable TV:

Rise of narrowcasting/niche marketing

An era of demassification and fragementation

"Oh's" or the "Oughts":

Illegal downloading

Blogging/Social Media/User Created Content

Interactive advertising

Two Way Communication

Media Convergence/Portability

Era of Globalization

Content that has traditionally been confied to new medium appears to multiple media channels.

Using two forms of media at the same time and interacting with both.

Technological Convergence:

Governmetn: censor/restrict

Business: goal is to make money

Culture: Elitist/Populist Model

Give me what I want.  I want what I want when I want it.

(What do people want?:

Jersey Shore, Jerry Springer, etc.: Trash)

T/F:

Media usually start Elitist and turns Populist because media companies can make the most money when they give people what they want.

ABC, NBC, CBS (free television)

the government protects what is shown during daytime

Interpersonal Communication

(one to one, face to face)

Mediated Interpersona Communication

(facebook, texting, etc)

Intrapersonal Communication

(communicating with yourself)

Small Group Communication

Organizational Communication

(work-place communication)

Public Communication

Mass Communication 

(mediated; TV, ratio, newspapers, magazines, etc.)(mediated; TV, ratio, newspapers, magazines, etc.)

Traditional Media Distribution Channel:

Source>Message>Channel>Receiver

(Letters to the editor, etc. for feedback.)

How does this work in the world of user-created content?

Source: You

Message: Video

Channel: Internet (Youtube)

Repsonse: Instantaneous Comments

1. Innovation

2. Research and Developmenet

3. Risk

Enjoyment

Social Currency: What do you get out of it?

Companionship

Surveillance: Keeping your eye on everything in the world around you.

Interpretation

Stereotypes

Political and economic manipulation

1. Media materials are constructed.

2. Media materials are created and distributed within a commercial environment

3. Media materials are created and distributed within a political environment

4. Mass Media present their ideasw ithin the primary generes of entertainment, news, information, education and advertising.

5. People are active receipients of media messages.

6. Media representations play a role in the way society understands its reality.

1. Production

2. Distribution

3. Exhibition

4. Audience Research

5. Finance

6. Government Regulation

Box Office > DVD/Gloabl > On Deman > HBO/Premium Channels > Primetime TV > Reruns

Each spot is called a "window"

Merchandising runs throughout this model

Interst, Mindset, Personality, Attitudes

(Ex. Art lovers, readers/subscribers to magazines, etc.)

Journalistic Ethics:

Attempt to be objective

Reliable sources/protection of sources' identity

Six W's:

Who, What, When, Where, Why, Whom

Biased and personal opinion

Op-Ed: opposite of Editorial: experts with opposite views of the editorials

Human Interst

Community Service

Feel-Good Stories

You want the most information at the top, and the details at the bottom, so if the editor runs out of space, they can cut the last paragraph off and all the information wills till be found in the article.

Originally came from the telegraph; such an unreliable source so the transmitter would put the WWWWWW first so if the signal was lost the editor still go the good information

Advertising and Entertainment

(product placement in film and tv)

Education and Entertainment

(Sesame Street regularly parodies popular entertainment formats)

News and Entertainment

(The Colbert Report and The Daily Show)

Cost per Thousand

(Ad Cost/Thousand Viewers)

1. Advertisement

2. Subscription

3. Donation

4. Merchanidse

5. Direct Sales

6. Usage Fees

Research in which the researcher collects and reports data in numerical form (data, large numbers, surveys)

Ex. A study using a survey designed to determine what age group and gender spends the most time online.

Inovled making sense of an aspect of reality by showing how different parts of it fit together in particular ways.

Ex. A study designed to explain the factors behind why a certain age group or gender pspends time online.

TV: reporters, producers, executives, owners

Newspapers: editors, reporters, chief executives

Early 20th Century Concerns about Society

Immigrant Population

Industrial Revolution

Urbanization

Urban Poverty

Educate them to be skeptical about what they hear.

This leads to media literacy.

1. Media content (opinions and facts) is picked up by people who use the media frequently

2. These people, in turn, act as opinion leaders when they discuss media content with others, who are influencd at one step removed from media.

Mass Media Organizations > Opinion Leaders > Opinion Followers

Long term exposure to television, in which violence is inescapable, cultivates the image of a mean and dangerous world.

Reveals the news to be much more vilent and sexual that it actually is.  If it bleeds, it leads.

1. People need to know how to dissect media

2. People need to learn to take the control they have

3. Primarily because the media industry is a money-making-business

1. Media Fragmentation

2. Audience Segmentation

3. Distribution across Media Boundaries

4. Globalization

5.Conglomeration

6. Digital Convergence

An organization's control over a media product from production through distribution to exhibition.

(Disney makes the movie, Disney distributes it on Disney Channel, ABC and Lifetime.  Then DisneyHome Video sells the DVDS in the store after the ride at Disney World)

Pros:

1. Digitial media cna transform products

2. Niches on a mass media level enables us to get what we want

3. Creates more opportunities for content distribution

4. Options for people (if they're willing to pursue those options)

5. Globalization leads to better understanding

6. Competition strengthens our efficiency and profitability

7. Convenient

Cons:

1. Few shared cultural references

2. Creates for a more closed minded thinking

3. Globalization can lead to economic imbalance (for us)

4. Loss of revenue. Media industries are collapsing

5. Democracy is jeopardized

Search Engine Optimization:

You want to get the best key words, so you can get the most hits and your entry will naturally rise to the top based on the algorithm

1. Writing Revolution

2. Printing Press

(enabled us to mass produce work)

3. Mass Media Revolution

(Radio & TV, change speed, audience, visual medium, a shared cultural experience)

4. Information Highway

(internet & changed speed from fast to instantaneous)

5. New Utility Grid

(Cloud-Computing)

1. Egyptians were infatuated with writing

2. Hieroglyphs were a combinatino of alphabetic and logographic elements

3. Written on papyrus and wood ans tone starting in 4,000BC

1. Originated in the Mesopotamia region of Sumer in the 30th century BC.  This is currently the country of Iraq.

2. Written on clay talbets, and began as a series of pictorgrams

3. Last known use cam in 75AD, 3000 years after it was first developed.

1. Printing Press

2. Impact of this is perhpas the greate impact in media technology of all time

3. Lead to the spread of literacy, art and the enlightenment (Renaissance: art, architecture, music, literature, etc.)

1. Heliocentric System

2. Sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system

3. This was agains the church's theories

1. Printing standardized languages

2. Broke the Feudal system of Kings and Barons (spread free thinking, etc)

1 Still based on ink and paper

2. Had to go the book store/libarry to get a book

3. Goal of the library was the same in Egyptian times as it is today: to find one place where all knowledge is shared.

1. Encyclopedias vs. Wikipedia

In the world before the internet you went to the encyclopedia to get information.  It was updated every year by scholars. Now, anyone can publish anything they want.  Millions of people publish topics on wikipedia.

2. Vooks & Google Books

3. Cult of the Amateur:

Loss of in depth, investigative journalism.  Citizen blogs rise, but provide a bias perspective.  Danger is you don't have anything valid/credible.  We are living in a world where opinions could have enormous power.  Celebrity gossip has enormous power.  Respective journalism is collapsing

1. Free form poltical censorship and government control

2. Emerged prior to American Revolution

A press that has the power to argue with the government - took hold in the colonies.

Published criticisms of British colonial policy of taxation without representation helped set the stage for the American Revolutionary War.

1. About 520 newspapers in the US, the major social and political forum outranking books and magazines.

2. Majority of americans couldn't read them due to illiteracy and price.

3. Provided a local dalogue and conversation

4. Extremely partisan (one-sided) and much of the news was fierce political argument against opposing views.

1. Penny papers made possible by new steam printing press and cheaper paper, offered news at a price working people could afford.

2. First pape to sell advertising:

He realized if he could sell small ads in the paper, he could sell the apper to the working class for a penny.

3. Helped improve literacy, because everyone can now have a paper

4. Helped integrate social classes, because it wasn't just the rich that had a paper now

1. Led to the rise of the Associate Press (1892): group of field reporters that provide stories to local editors

2. Led to inverted pyramid

1. Much larger circulation goals: higher literacy, larger city populations, better distribution

2. Advertising Revolution: big increase in ad revenue allowed publishers to keep newspaper price low, despite higher printing costs associated with new printing technologies (photos, full color, etc.)

1. Sensationalism and Inaccuracy

2. Competition for broad general audience

3. Newspaper changed dramatically to introduce many new features we know today: color comics, photograph filled Sunday magazines, hefty sports sections.

Newspaper Peak 1890-1920

1967 dalies

Over 500 competitive markets

1. Seek Objectivity / Unbiased

2. Quotes/Sources

3. Seek Truth and Report It

4. Minimize Harm

5. Accountable to your Sources (Keep them Private)

1. Responsible in times of crisis

2. Critical stance toward authority

3. Journalists play a vital role in our democracy by serving as the ears and voice of the people to protect u against corruption.

1. Corporates had national ownership of newspapers across the country

2. Does this skew the news?

1. The Norg:

People powered news.  Instead of journalists writing news, people joina nd contribute to the news as a citizen journalist.  

Good: direct to what the people want

Bad: can we trust what the public wants/says?

2. ProPublica.org

Philanthropy Model

3. Spot.us

Ask people to contribute to have certain stories printed

Good: wanted stories are written

Bad: may not be timely

4. "Necessity is the mother of invention"

let it go until it dies and watch the change arise on its own

5. Change the layout on the online newspaper to make it more "generation friendly"

There is unlimted space on the internet.  The ads are much cheaper because there are so many options for ad placement.  

There is only one back page of the paper. 

"Online advertsing is the future but the math is flawed."

CPM for online is $20

CPM print is thousands of dollars.

1. Narrowcasting and Fragmentation

2. Gave you multiple channels to watch

3. Enabled advertisers to market to narrow, niche audiences (which means programs became more narrow and niche)

1996 Telecommunications Deregulation Act:

1. Newspapers can now own TV channels to provide news

2. There was a fear of monopoly in the media that used to prevent this, however, once the internet came along, fragmentation came with it and the companies had to divide among mediums in order to survice.