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| first developed as early as 1929 and further refined in the 1930s, but it didn't catch on initially because the first machines were bulky reel-to-reel devices. made possible sound editing and multiple-track mixing |
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| permitted the recording of two separate channels, or tracks, of sound |
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| captures the fluctuations of sound waves and stores those signals in a record's grooves or a tape's continuous stream of magnetized particles |
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| translates sound waves into binary on-off pulses and stores that information as numerical code. |
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| Sony and Phillips developed these in the 1970s, and they became the dominate music platform by 1987 |
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| developed in 1992, enables digital recordings to be compressed into smaller, more manageable files |
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| music that appeals either to a wide cross section of the public or to sizable subdivisions within the larger public based on age, region, or ethnic background |
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| improvisational and mostly instrumental musical form, absorbed and integrated a diverse body of musical and mostly instrumental musical form |
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| a song recorded or performed by another artist |
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| combined the vocal and instrumental traditions of pop with the rhythm-and-blues sounds of Memphis and the country twang of Nashville. "integrationist music" |
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| the foundation of rock and roll, made by Southern blacks who moved to the North |
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| huge rhythm units smashing away behind screaming blues singers |
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| huge rhythm units smashing away behind screaming blues singers |
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| country music combined with gospel and blues |
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| the practice of record promoters paying deejays or radio programmers to play particular songs |
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| black singers in the 1960s transformed the rhythms and melodies of older R&B, pop, and early rock and roll |
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| songs performed by untrained musicians and passed down mainly through oral traditions |
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| folk music with amplified instruments |
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| attempted to return to the basics of rock and roll: simple chord structures, catchy melodies, and politically or socially challenging lyrics |
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| took the spirit of punk and updated it for the 1990s |
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| many types of experimental rock music that offered a departure from the theatrics and staged extravaganzas of 70s glam rock. Sometimes, punk and grunge are considered subcategories of this group. |
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| urban culture that includes rapping, cutting (or sampling) by deejays, breakdancing, street clothing, poetry slams, and graffiti art |
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| tells the truth about gang violence in American culture and has been accused of creating violence |
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| business situation in which a few firms control most of an industry's production and distribution resources |
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| A&R (artist and repertoire) agents |
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| talent scouts of the music business, who discover, develop, and sometimes manage artists |
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| five thousand large and small independent production houses that record less commercially viable music, or music they hope will become commercially viable |
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| unauthorized online file-sharing |
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| illegal reissues of out-of-print recordings and the unauthorized duplication of manufacturer recordings sold on the black market at cut-rate prices |
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| the unauthorized videotaping or audiotaping of live performances, which are then sold illegally for profit |
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| invented by Samuel Morse, sent electrical impulses from a transmitter through a cable to a reception point |
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| a series of dots and dashes that stood for letters in the alphabet |
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| theorized in the 1860s by James Maxwell. Invisible electronic impulses similar to visible light |
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| a portion of electromagnetic waves could be harnessed so that signals could be sent from a transmission point to a reception point, proved by Heinrich Hertz |
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| invented by Guglielmo Marconi, a form of voiceless point-to-point communication |
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| wireless voice and music transmissions, invented by Lee De Forest |
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| the transmission of radio waves (and, later, TV signals) to a broad public audience |
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| person-to-person communication |
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| Wireless Ship Act of 1910 |
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| required that all major U.S. seagoing ships carrying more than fifty passengers and traveling more than two hundred miles off the coast be equipped with wireless equipment with a one-hundred-mile range |
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| transmitting on radio required licensing in the same way that driving a car requires a license |
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| Radio Corporation of America (RCA) |
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| founded by GE in 1919, monopolized the wireless industry |
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| links a group of broadcast stations that share programming produced at a central location |
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| network providing programs to affiliates and selling ad space or sponsorships to various product companies |
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| founded Columbia Broadcasting System |
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| licensees did not own their channels but could only license them as long as they operated to serve the "public interest, convenience, or necessity." |
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| licensees did not own their channels but could only license them as long as they operated to serve the "public interest, convenience, or necessity." created FRC |
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| Federal Radio Commission (FRC) |
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| created by the Radio Act of 1927, members were appointed by the president and grew into a powerful regulatory agency |
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| Communications Act of 1934 |
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| transformed the FRC into the FCC |
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| Federal Communications Commission |
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| it's jurisdiction covered not only radio but also the telephone and the telegraph (and later television, cable, and the Internet) |
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| frequency modulation, developed for radio by Edwin Armstrong |
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| amplitude modulation, stresses the volume, or height of radio waves |
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